Exam 1 Study Guide 2 3 15 Chapter 1 Introduction Physiology function Definition Concepts Six Levels of Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Systemic Organismal Homeostasis refers to balance or equilibrium in the normal range of functioning It s the maintenance of relatively constant conditions inside the body Small internal fluctuations i e Give someone 5 L of blood so BP decreases Change detected by baroreceptor Info sent along afferent pathway Control Center output if effector organ is that an increase in HR occurs and we constrict arteries Plasma fluid component of the blood Negative Feedback stabilize the body in the face of changing external and internal conditions Cause an opposite response to the initial change and so are self limiting Hyperglycemic high blood glucose B cells of pancreas release more insulin Liver and body cells take up more glucose stimulus for insulin release lowers Hypoglycemic low blood glucose Alpha Cells of pancreas release more Glucagon Liver breaks down glycogen and release glucose into the blood BG rises and stimulus for release of glucagon lowers Chapter 3 Cell Biology and Genetics Lipid and Protein are the most important in the plasma membrane Fat is the most abundant and phospholipids are the most important Glycocalyx CHO and lipids and protein son outer surface Solutes ions electrolytes Na K Membrane Lipids Polar Head Hydrophillic head Nonpolar Hydrophobic tails Cholesterol is interspersed among phospholipids 1 Exam 1 Study Guide 2 3 15 Membrane Permeability Small and non polar molecules are able to pass easily through phospholipid bilayers At rest extracellular High Na At rest intracellular Low Na Low K High K More negative changes on INSIDE of cell when cell is at rest Membrane Proteins Integral can form channels Facilitated Diffusion Channels Substances that can t cross the phospholipid bilayer use this We use a concentration gradient Ions or electrolytes use channels as channels are filled with water and ions electrolytes are water soluble Carriers Transporters Glucose AAs or very large molecules use this to diffuse High to Low Symport and Antiport Two particles in the same opposite direction at the same time Peripheral attached to integral protein on inner or outer surfaces of lipid bilayer ATP Powered Transport Primary uses ATP Secondary uses ADP the product of the Primary Primary AT produces energy for Secondary AT Proteins for receptors are NTs and Hormones By attaching to NTs and Hormones proteins glycoproteins can act as intercellular communication systems Movement through the Plasma Membrane Simple Diffusion High concentration to low concentration No energy is used Fats nonpolar substances and gases can cross lipid bilayer by simple diffusion o Rate of this passive movement is dependent on Concentration gradient electrical gradient Temperature Mass of ion molecule Membrane Surface area Diffusion distance Osmosis diffusion of water to solutes Solutes attract water Water moves from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration Water moves where we have more solute Osmotic Pressure Force required to prevent water from moving across a membrane by osmosis o Isosmotic same concentration throughout 2 Exam 1 Study Guide 2 3 15 o Hyperosmotic hypertonic Greater solute concentration in solution so water moves from inside the cell lower solute concentration to outside the cell where there is more solute and the Cell SHRINKS dehydrates as it loses water Crenation o Hyposmotic hypotonic Less solute concentration in solution so the water from the extracellular solution lower concentration moves inside the cell where the solute concentration is Higher and the cell increases in it s volume swells hemolysis Mediated Transport involves channels or carriers and saturation is important rate of transport limited to number of available carrier proteins o Facilitated Diffusion uses a transporter carrier integral protein with concentration gradient No energy is used as it is High to Low Moves large water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules ions across plasma membrane w use of a channel carrier o Primary AT Low to high concentration gradient so it is moving against the concentration gradient and requires energy ATP Result of PAT is an elevated concentration of Sodium with SAT uses Charge of cell gets more negative o SAT Glucose and Amino acids use this They are transported with Na as the energy source Transport in Vesicles Vesicles move large molecules in and out of cells Endocytosis Pinocytosis drinking of small particles Phagocytosis eating of large particles Exocytosis Accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from cell Chapter 3 cont Structure of the Cell Nucleus central control center of the cell rRNA is assembled with ribosomal proteins to form small and large units mRNA enters between two units of RNA large and small unit mRNA goes to ribosomes where we produce proteins Transcription process where DNA sequence is copied into RNA If this RNA is to encode proteins it s called mRNA 3 Exam 1 Study Guide 2 3 15 Translation when mRNA sequence is used to make a new protein This occurs on Ribosomes tRNA anticodons match with mRNA codons and rRNA catalyzes formation of a peptide bond RNA Polymerase binds to promoter region to catalyze the formation of a mRNA chain The Endoplasmic Reticulum ER is where proteins are produced and modified or where lipids are manufactured We have to move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus exocytosis to finish the modification and packaging of proteins lipids for secretion or internal use Chapter 4 Tissues and Histology Epithelial Tissues cover external and internal surfaces of the body They are inside hollow organs and tubular structures and also form glands The cell layers can be simple allowing for diffusion of gases filtration or stratified protective against abrasion Epithelial tissue has an apical and a basal membrane The basal membrane is in contact with connective tissue Functions Protection barriers passage secretion absorption Glands Made of epithelium tissue Endocrine no open contact with exterior no ducts secrete hormones into the blood Exocrine open contact with exterior secretes directly into ducts to lumen of an organ such as sweat oil or saliva Epithelial Membranes thoracic cavities Cover outside of thoracic and abdominal organs and inside of the abdominal and Examples of this would be pericardial outside of heart thorax pleural outside of lungs thorax and peritoneal
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