BLOOD A Functions of blood o Maintain homeostasis by transporting regulates body pH and temp and provides protection by clotting and immune defense B Transmitted by blood o Gasses nutrients and hormones C Not transmitted by blood o Air bubbles debris fat embolus D Composition of Blood Plasma and Cells 55 Blood Plasma 92 water 8 proteins Albumin most abundant 54 Fibronigen 7 Globulin 38 a Albumin contributes to blood viscosity and body s blood pressure b Globulin molecule carrier and blood osmotic pressure c Fibronigen Blood clotting factor 45 Formed Elements Red Blood Cells Platelets WBC Buffy Coat made up of Red for Granulocyte Blue for Agranulocyte 70 Neutrophils Most numerous Target bacteria and Virus 2 4 Eosinophil Attack Worm parasites 0 5 1 Basophils Histamine release Inflammatory response 20 25 Lymphocyte a B Cells 10 Identify invaders and anti bodies b T Cells 75 Mature Thymus Cells that surround and bind Killer cell c Natural Killer Cells 15 Monocytes Not Fully Mature White Cells a Macrophages any infected or bacterial cells are eaten by them b Dendric Broken Material from Macrophage remnants given to them to build or to B cells to exhibit response E If imbalances and each disease of WBC is 1 Elevated of lymphocytes is acute viral infection 2 Leukocytosis is when WBC 10 000 indicates infectious process or cancer 3 Leukopenia is when WBC 5 000 indicates severe disease AIDS malnutrition chemo 4 Elevated of neutrophils bacterial infection 5 Lymphocytic leukemia is when WBC 150 000 90 are cancerous lymphocytes F Understand Clot formation steps of fibrin fibrinolysis simple version Step 1 Cut occurs Step 2 platelets activated and become sticky to blood vessel hole platelet plug Step 3 Clotting Factors activate when passing cut and add onto the plug Step 4 Fibrin is formed when thrombin and prothrombin convert fibrinogen into insoluble protein and add onto the clot pulling vessel together until tissue is repaired Step 5 Fibrolysis breaks down the clot after healed using Plasmin G Hemoglobin molecule o Carries 4 molecules of O2 as well as CO2 o Each RBC contains 280 million molecules of Hgb o 4 Heme Iron o 4 Globin CO2 and NO E If we increased red blood cells what physiological response would increase doping o Oxygen carrying capacity F What an immature RBC is called o Reticulocyte o Reticulocyte measures rate of RBC productions o Matures in bone marrow G Erythropoiesis Red Cell production for Hematopoises o Increases during states of hypoxia O2 deficiency o Stimulates kidneys to release EPO H Hematocrit measures o Of RBC by volume I Blood Types made Easy Type A A Antigen Anti body for B Type B B Antigen Anti Body for A Type AB Both A and B antigen no antibodies Type O No antigen Both A and B Antibodies b RH Rhesus bind with Rh both Rh and Rh Rh Only Rh c Universal Recipient Type AB d Universal Donor Type O J Hemostasis Blood Loss Reduction o Vascular spasm blood vessels constrict o Formation of a platelet plug platelets adhere to damaged endothelium o Blood clotting coagulation Extrinsic few steps and rapid once TF leaks into blood Intrinsic slow complex in response to damaged endothelial cells or phospholipids released by activated platelets Both meet at common point where factor X is activated After common point prothrombin converts soluble fibrinogen K How formed elements of blood develop to insoluble fibrin threads erythropoiesis only red blood cell formation hematopoiesis all cells from pluripotent stem cells and mature in red bone marrow or lymphoid tissue Ex of pluripotent stem cell differentiation a Reticulocyte Erthyocyte b Megakaryocyte platelet HEART A Functions of heart Generate BP routes blood pulmonary and systemic ensures 1 way flow regulates blood supply B Right side vs left side of heart a Left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins b Left ventricle larger muscle pumps blood to rest of body c Right atrium receive blood returning from body d Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs to become oxygenated C Know valves and flow of blood through heart a AV valves i Separate atria and ventricle ii Right tricuspid left bicuspid b Semilunar valves Right pulmonary Left atrial When cusps are filled valve is closed When cusps are empty valve is open When cusps are full valve is closed D Electrical conduction of the heart know in order a Starts at SA node pacemaker cardiac muscle cells generates spontaneous b AV node action potentials conducted slowly here assures ventricles c AV bundle passes through hole in cardiac skeleton to reach action potentials contract after atria contracts interventricular septum d AV bundle divides into left and right bundle branches extend to ventricles e Purkinje fibers conduct action potentials to ventricular muscle cells E Pericardium double layered sac surrounding heart a Fibrous tough outer layer prevents distention acts as anchor b Serous thin inner layer simple squamous parietal lines outer layer visceral covers heart surface F Tissue layers of heart a Epicardium smooth outer surface b Myocardium middle layer composed of cardiac muscle heart contractions different c Endocardium smooth inner surface of heart G Diseases of heart just some examples A Inflammation of Heart a Rheumatic heart disease i Results from a streptococcal infection in young people toxin produced by the bacteria can cause rheumatic fever several weeks after the infection that can result in rheumatic endocarditis B Reduced Blood flow to Cardiac muscle a Coronary heart disease coronary arteries reduced blood flow b Myocardinal Infarction HEART ATTACK myocardium tissue blood flow reduced C Congenital Heart Diesease at birth a Septal Defect pumping effect bc hole in heart b Patent ducts damages lungs do to improper backflow of pulmonary trunk D Heart Failure hypertension and progressive weakening of heart H What is going on inside cell with sodium calcium and potassium gates and repolarization I If looking at action potential of skeletal muscle vs cardiac muscle a Cardiac conducted cell to cell and the graph has a plateau phase longer repolar because we have plateau phase J EKG P wave QRS and T wave and what each represents a P wave DAM AC depolarization of myocardium and signals onset of atrial contraction b QRS complex VD VC RA ventricular depolarization ventricular contraction repolarization of atria c T wave RV VR repolarization of ventricles ventricle relaxation K Heart sounds and why we hear them a First heart sound or lubb i AV valves and surrounding fluid
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