ANT 2416 Exam 1 Study Guide STUDY FOR EXAM EXAM ON FEB 19 Anthropology o The holistic and comparative study of humans Why Is The Study Of Children Appropriate For Anthropology o What Is A Child A child is a version of a human Anthropology is the study of humans A child is a version of a human Why Should Anthropology Be Concerned With Children o What Is Childhood A part of a sequence of stages that occur over the lifespan of all humans A stage in the life cycle of the human species o Are Humans The Only Species To Experience Childhood For many species dramatic changes in structure and behavior can occur over the lifetime of the individual Species may vary in the number duration of life stages Childhood refers only to humans What Is A Child o How Do We Know One When We See One Body size and proportions Expressive behavior lively vs sedate Voice quality high pitch vs low pitch Speed of speech rapid vs slow Body movements energetically wasteful vs energetically efficient Big dreams for the future vs acceptance of limitation cognitive changes emotional changes o How Are Children Different From Adults Adolescents Infants 28 Up a movie by Michael Apted helps us see the difference 14 British Children born in 1956 filmed in 7 year intervals starting in 1964 o 10 male 4 female Socio Economic Distribution o 5 Elite Bruce John Andrew Charles Suzi o 2 Middle Class Peter Neil o 7 Working Class Tony Nick Paul Simon Jackie Lyn Sue Interview Questions Ask About o Love interest family aspirations o Educational goals o Career job aspirations o Travel experiences o Class consciousness resentments o Concepts of happiness attitude toward money Elite Education Bruce Suzi John Andrew Charles o Secondary School o Public School Prestigious selective private often a boarding school o Middle School o Preparatory School Prestigious selective admission private often a boarding school State Supported Education o Secondary School o Grammar School a selective admission secondary school which prepares students for university o Comprehensive School a non selective state funded secondary school How Is A Child Different From An Adult o Appearance size proportions o Speech voice quality o Behavior as body movement o Cognition Are movements utilitarian or wasteful Focus and concentration paying attention What Is The Relationship Between Childhood And Later Life o Tony Jockey To Cab Driver o Bruce Sensitive Teacher o Suzi Chain Smoker To Happy Mother o Nick Farm To Physics o Paul From Children s Home To Australia Bricklaying o John Barrister Courtroom Lawyer o Andrew Solicitor People s lawyer o Charles BBC Producer o Jackie Doesn t want children Comprehensive School o Lyn Librarian after selective Grammar School o Sue Happy Mother after comprehensive school Why do all humans go through stages Why is there a childhood stage What is the relationship between the childhood stage and later stages Stage Traits Traits that are found in all individuals as they change from child to adolescent to adult o Stage traits are universals o Body size voice fidgety behavior cheerful disposition cognitive limitations Species Traits What is a Human etc o Traits shared with other organisms and traits that are unique to each species Species an important concept in biology that has helped us to organize and understand the variety of life on earth o Millions of species have been identified each marked by unique traits reproductive isolation and a distinctive ecological niche o One species among many species that exist on the planet earth o Humans share basic properties with other species groupings of species such as genera families orders o Recognizing these shared traits helps us to understand ourselves and our position in the natural world o Defining Humans The place of humans in the genealogy chart we call the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy Linnaeus was the 1st person to place humans in a system of biological classification to provide an objective description of humans comparable to that of any other species and to put humans with primates Anthropomorpha in the first edition of Systema Naturae Humans are members of the o Class Mammals o Order Primates o Superfamily Hominoidea What is a Mammal o Reproduction Internal gestation Lactation Extended parental care Emotional bond Play behavior o Homeothermy fur o Mastication Chewing Food Mammals have 4 types of teeth incisors canines pre molars molars What is a Primate o Primates are a diverse order with 300 Species o Emphasize vision not smell Color Vision Eyes face forward for depth perception Stereoscopic Vision The fields of vision overlap an the optic nerve from each eye travels to both hemispheres of the brain The result is true depth perception o Touch manipulation with eye hand coordination Primates have grasping hands and feet Primates have nails instead of claws Primates have tactile pads with touch receptors Primates have friction ridges Primates use visually guided reaching to feed Primate Way of Life Eye Hand Coordination o Slow Reproduction One offspring each gestation Long gestation Long period of immaturity o Large brains o Slow maturation and long life What is a Hominoidea o Inlcudes apes and humans o Forearms are adapted for suspension and have a versatile range of motion Long muscular arms Rotator shoulder joint allows 360 degree rotation of the arm Fully extendable elbow 180 degree rotation of forearm Extended motion in wrist o Broad wide torso no external tail Why Does this Pattern of Shared Traits Exist o Biological Evolution Evolution An explanation for the origin of organisms Evolution serves as a way of looking at the world that provides deep predictive and explanatory power Natural selection and the complementary idea of how genes individuals and species change over time should be as much a part of developing critical thinking skills as deductive reasoning and the study of ethics Evidence Supporting Evolution Comparative Anatomy The Fossil Record Comparative Molecules The fossil and molecular evidence for human evolution enables us to reconstruct evolutionary pathways leading to modern species including the evolutionary emergence of the human species Traits Unique to the Human Species o Habitual Striding Bipedalism walking on 2 feet A unique locomotor system Differs from the clumsy bipedalism of a chimpanzee or any other animal striding bipedalism is unique among modern animals Bipedalism frees the hands from locomotor duties African apes have hands which are adapted for