CHAPTER 1 THE FIELD THE PROFESSIONALS AND THE CLIENTS Chapter Learning Goals 1 Describe communication impairment Communication disorder impairs the ability to both receive and send and also process and comprehend concepts of verbal nonverbal and graphic information A communication disorder may affect hearing language and or speech processes Communication disorders may affect any and all aspects of communication even gesturing Speech disorder may be evident in the atypical production of speech primary mode of communication interruption in the flow of speaking or abnormal production and or absences of voice quality including pitch loudness resonance and or duration Language disorder are impairments in comprehension and or use of spoken written and or other symbol systems Hearing disorder is a result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory or hearing systems Central auditory processing disorders deficits in the processing of information from audible signals DISORDERS DO NOT INCLUDE COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCE SUCH AS DIALECT DIFFERENCES OR MULTILINGUINISM 2 Describe the roles of audiologists speech language pathologists and speech language and hearing scientists Audiologists Specialists who measure hearing ability and identify assess manage and prevent disorders of hearing and balance They use technologies to measure and appraise hearing in people from infancy through old age Auditory processing disorders Hearing aids select fit and dispense Being a good detective or problem solver is very important Speech language pathologist Professionals who provide an assortment of services related to communication disorders The distinguishing role of an SLP is to identify assess treat and prevent communication disorders in all modalities This includes attention to physiological cognitive and social aspects of communication Speech language and hearing scientists usually have earned a doctorate degree either PhD or an EdD Involved in basic research exploring the anatomy physiology and physics of speech sound production They strive to learn more about typical and pathological communication Their findings help clinicians improve service to clients with speech disorders Human genetics improvements have provided fertile soil for continuing investigation into the causes prevention and treatment of various speech impairments Key Terms and Concepts to Review Communication Disorders A communication disorder may affect any and all aspects of communication it may affect Speech disorder Impairment of speech production interruption in the flow of speech or in the Language disorder atypical use of language including spoken or written and comprehension hearing language and or speech quality of speech including resonance loudness etc of speech Impaired sensitivity in hearing and auditory systems Hearing disorder Central auditory processing disorders Communication disorders are NOT differences such as dialectal differences or deficits in the processing of information processing Augmentative alternative communication systems devices used to help people compensate multilingualism for communication disorders Speech Language Pathologist versus Audiologist scope and type of work of each Speech Language Pathologist provide services to a wide range of people including all aspects of speech and language Their role is to identify assess and treat and prevent disorders in all forms This includes attention to all aspects of speech including physiological social and cognitive An audiologist measures hearing ability and identify assess manage and prevent disorders of hearing and balance They contribute to the prevention of hearing loss by recommending and fitting protective devices and by consulting with government and industry on the effects and management of environmental noise Service through the Lifespan Statistics o Individuals with communication disorders may be of any age o 1 in 5 people has a disability and the likelihood increases as we age o Infants are screened for hearing loss and other disabilities as soon as they are born o Babies and toddlers may exhibit developmental delay o Almost half of all SLPs are employed in school systems o School age children with communication difficulties often experience academic and social difficulties o 1 5 to 2 million Americans sustains a traumatic brain injury each year and may have subsequent communication or swallowing impairments o In those over age 65 stroke neurological disorders and dementia may interfere with communication and swallowing o Hearing loss may affect at least one quarter of older adults Evidence Based Practice EBP essential part of effective and ethical intervention in which the primary benefit is the delivery of optimally effective care to each client Using EBP clinical decision making becomes a combination of scientific evidence clinical experience and client needs Efficacy vs effectiveness vs efficiency Efficacy relates to clinical outcomes is the probability of benefit from an intervention method under ideal conditions Refers to an identified population such as adults with aphasia not to ordinary individuals Treatment protocol should be focused and the population should be clearly identified Research should be conducted under optimal intervention conditions The ideal treatment should be one that results in the largest changes to meaningful client outcomes Effectiveness the probability of benefit from an intervention method under average conditions the effectiveness of treatment is the outcome of real world applications of the treatment for individual clients or subgroups What works Efficiency one way of determining potential effectiveness but not the only one Efficiency results from application of the quickest method involving the least effort and the greatest positive benefit CHAPTER 2 TYPICAL AND DISORDERED COMMUNICATION Chapter Learning Goals ALL IN DEPTH AT THE END 1 Explain the role of culture and environment in communication Each person is a member of a language community the more one understands about your own culture and that of the people with whom you communicate the more effective your interaction will be Successful communication depends not just on language and speech but on related factors such as age socioeconomic status geographical background ethnicity gender and ability The location and the participants also influence the nature of communication where you interact affects how and what you ll say You would speak very differently in a