Abnormal Psychology Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Past and Present 1 What are the different components of psychological abnormality a Deviance different extreme unusual b Distress i Thoughts and emotions that differ from the norm ii Norms can vary cross culture technology and arts 1 Norm society s stated unstated rules of conduct 1 Culture history values institutions habits skills change iii Values can changes over time causing the definition of norm to iv Circumstances can also define behavior ex natural disaster i Behavior is not abnormal until it causes distress extreme ii However some people who behave abnormally can remain 1 Polar Plunge causes physical distress they remain anxiety depression pain positive c Dysfunction interferes with daily functioning positive for a cause i Upsets distracts or confuses people that they cannot care for themselves properly work productively interact in social settings ii Culture plays a role in dysfunction 1 Gandhi Fasting as means of protest denying himself necessary items i LEAST COMMON ii This is an exception to the rule iii Most people suffering from depression anxiety or strange behavior do not pose a threat to themselves or society d Danger 2 What is treatment a Late 1800s 2 opposing perspectives i Somatogenic perspective the view that abnormal psychological functioning has PHYSICAL causes 1 2 factors responsible for this 2 German Researcher Kraeplin a Kraeplin published a book arguing physical factors are responsible for dysfunction ex fatigue behavior identified symptoms and linked them with physical causes 3 New biological discoveries b Developed first system of classifying abnormal a Syphillis an irreversible disorder that causes physical and mental symptoms 4 Tooth extraction tonsillectomy hydrotherapy lobotomy 5 6 1950s when medications were finally discovered and surgical cutting of nerve fibers Immoral solutions eugenic sterilization eliminating individuals ability to reproduce somatogenic perspective began to work for patients ii Psychogenic perspective the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning is PSYCHOLOGICAL 1 Did not have much of a following until hypnotism procedure that places people in a trance demonstrated potential a Austrian Physician Mesmer i Was banned for controversial treatment 2 Josef Breur and Sigmund Freud a Sigmund Freud i Developed the theory of psychoanalysis ii Developed technique of psychoanalsysis discussion where clinician helps patient gain insight into unconscious psychological processes Outpatient therapy 1 Psychoanalysis theory treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes UNCONSCIOUS psychological forces as cause of psychopathology 3 How are people with severe mental illness cared for reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction a Psychotropic medications drugs that mainly affect the brain and thinking i Antipsychotic correct extremely confused and distorted ii Anti depressant lift the mood of depressed iii Anti anxiety reduce tension and worry b Deinstitutionalization after seeing the result of medicine this became the practice beginning in 1960s of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from mental hospitals 4 How are people with less severe mental illness cared for a Private psychotherapy the arrangement in which a person directly b Prevention interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before pays a therapist for counseling services they can develop i Positive psychology study and enhancement of positive feelings such as optimism and happiness positive traits like hard work positive abilities such as social skills 5 Growing Influence of health insurance a Managed care program dominant form of coverage insurance company determines key issues such as which therapist cost of sessions number of sessions that client can be reimbursed i Preapproval of treatment by the insurance company strict standards for judging whether problems treatments qualify b Typically therapists and clients both dislike managed care programs c Growing problem reimbursements for mental disorders tend to be lower than for medical disorders i 2011 Parity Law stated that insurance companies should provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems a Seek to understand how culture race ethnicity gender and similar factors affect behavior and thought and how people of different cultures gender race ethnicity may differ psychologically b Has become to have powerful effect on today s understanding of abnormal behavior 6 Multicultural Psychology 7 Today s leading theories 8 How was abnormality viewed in the past problems somatogenic BIOLOGICAL view a Before the 1950s psychoanalysis unconscious psychological b Discovery of successful psychotropic s inspired new respect for c Today behavioral cognitive humanistic existential socio cultural d Since WWII growing appreciation for need of effective research i Clinical researchers try to determine which concepts best explain and predict abnormal behavior which treatments are most effective and what kinds of changes may be required a Prehistoric work of evil spirits trephination used as primitive form of b Greeks Romans abnormality was caused by imbalance of body fluids brain surgery Drilling holes to let spirit out exorcism phlegm black bile yellow bile blood humors fix physical pathology through diet and lifestyle c Middle Ages clergy influential mental disorders work of the devil increasingly treated at hospitals rather than clergy d Renaissance asylums certain religious shrines that became dedicated to the humane treatment of such individuals e 19th Century moral treatment Dorothea Dix pioneered movement to ensure legal rights and protection for people with mental disorders and to establish state hospitals disintegrated by the end of the century hospitals back to warehouses with minimal care f Early 20th Century return of the somatogenic perspective Kraeplin and study of syphilis an important factor was rise of hypnotism Freud s psychoanalysis which influenced future generations Chapter 2 Research in Abnormal Psychology 1 What the pros and cons of case studies a Case study detailed description of a person s life and psychological problems describes patient s history present circumstances and symptoms may also describe treatment as well as speculation as to why problems developed b Pros c Cons i Can be source of new information ii May offer tentative support for a theory iii May challenge a theory s assumptions iv Shows the value of new therapeutic