FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE People Places Things Terms Enlightenment dominant philosophical and cultural movement in 18th century Europe stressing the power of reason and experience in establishing reliable and sound knowledge also respecting the 17th century Isaac Newton and John Locke opposition to religion challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith and advance knowledge through the scientific method Ren Descartes 17th century French philosopher and mathematician his universe was full of matter Descartes Mechanics How does he explain motion Vertices Where does God fit in made everything into motion How does descartes deal with the skeptics Division between matter and thinking stuff Broke away from the skepticism of the scholasticism Used reason to explain the world premised on the separation between the physical world and human mind joined by God I think therefore I am Descartes philosophy is that if someone wondering whether or not he or she exists is in and of itself proof that something an I exists to do the thinking Mechanical Philosophy material atomists Decartes Galileo end of the 17th Century it was very generally agreed that the universe was entirely made up of small solid corpuscles which moved Robert Boyle term used to describe any general explanatory system of the physical world that treated its phenomena as due to nothing but pieces of inert matter interacting with one another by virtue of their shapes sizes and motions Comte de Buffon most influential Enlightenment naturalist wanted to explain the world in a materialistic way formed important techniques for the geologists of the 18th century Physical truth Empirical certitude from inquiry into concrete relations in contrast to abstractions of mathematical certainty in abstract sciences Theory of historical of species change helped pave the way for Darwin Isaac Newton British mathematician and natural philosopher author of the Principia and Optics Reflecting Telescope Mirrors replaced lenses Magnified objects 40x focused images Won newton membership in the goal society Theory of light and Color Laws of motion Laws of Motion Law of inertia Every object persists in its state of rest Law of accel Law of Action and reaction Universal Gravitation All matter attracted to other matter Implications of gravity What does it explain Terrestrial and celestial motion How does it diverge from the past Motion doesn t require physical contact Mathematically discredits Aristotelian physics What role does god play Initially use god to explain gravitational behavior Newtonian throw used to win converts 1 An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force 2 A falling object accelerates due to the force of gravity pulling on them Theory of Color and Light Rather than colors consisting of a mixture of light and darkness prisms it was colored light and darkness or prisms White light comprised in colors Love Canal Was to be developed into dream community but project never finished and was made a chemical dumpsite after some time the land was filled where canal was being put in school and homes built on the land and eventually carcinogens and waste seeped up through the soil of the community huge environmental disaster Aristotle Greek philosopher who was very influential Aristotle s Philosophy grew to be foundation of science until 15th century Romans studied the philosophy and only used what was logical from the Greeks the circle of Roman and Greek scholars could not go beyond Aristotle Replaced Aristotle s final cause with natural law legitimized mathematics modern science Plato Greek philosopher who taught Aristotle and the original rationalist philosopher he taught mathematics as being important in natural philosophy the universe as a living being with a female soul taught the world that the appearances hides an underlying reality structure along mathematical lines Hippocrates Hippocratics Ancient Greek physician established medicine as a learned profession in Greece considered the father of medicine western medicine believed all diseases had a natural cause modern notion Pliny wrote Natural History which included numerous facts from hundreds or authors and included cosmology astronomy geography anthropology zoology mineralogy and botany discussed matter of practical operational significance rather than Aristotle who was concerned with providing theoretical understanding Augustine he was a Latin philosopher of Roman Empire and is generally considered as one of the greatest Christian thinkers of all time his writings were very influential in the development of Christianity Carl Linnaeus Cataloguing all the known world like Pliny but never left Sweden Very religious mainly categorized living things by naming them binomially naming and classifying animals and plants laid down the foundations of the modern system of biological taxonomy Binomial nomenclature idea of Carl Linnaeus to name species in a formal system categorized by living things with a name composed of two parts both of which use Latin terms or other languages Charles Darwin after years of studying abroad England and collecting more evidence and information back home Charles formulated a theory of evolution called natural selection his theory made people really consider evolution and uniformitarianism as evident but his particular theory wouldn t be known as true until study of genetics in the 20th century could credit his work in 19th Natural Selection variation within species and the heredity carried on character of species over time Thomas Malthus Struggle for Existence reproduction exceeds food supply therefore struggle and this makes human progress impossible Eugenics biosocial progression idea of improving a society genetically or genetic composition of a population in general Military Industrial Complex entire network of contracts and flows of money and resources among individuals as well as corporations and institutions of the defense contractors The Pentagon the Congress and executive branch the link between this and science is seen by many as evidence that science itself is a harmful influence on our society Johannes Kepler German mathematician and astronomer key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution he is best known for his laws of planetary motion studied the cosmos Social Darwinism term in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans like animals and plants compete in a struggle for existence society in