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FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE: Fall 2012 HIS3464People, Places, Things, TermsYou will not be asked to identify the items below per se, but familiarity with them will be necessary for a top score on the final exam.Enlightenment • Scientific, philosophical, societal, political revolution from the mid 1600- mid 1700 (includes French and Haitian revolutions). Inspired by new scientific and philosophical thought: Immanuel Kant- knowledge through reason (Descartes). David Hume- needs empirical assumptions for knowledge (Newton).René Descartes• Broke away from skepticism of scholastics. Used reason to explain the world, premised on the separation between the physical world and human mind (joined by god). Used mechanics and practical applications to make sense of the world. No empty space- vortices moved together.Mechanical Philosophy• The belief that nature and living things are like simple machines.Comte de Buffon• Taxonomies of animals. Writes scientific natural history book with descriptions and illustrations, catalogues all of he known world. Needs physical truth. Believed in a very old earth. Everything with a genus shared a common ancestor. That ancestor was spontaneously generated.Isaac Newton•Went to Cambridge, studied mathematics, considered a genius. Made the reflecting telescope, was in the Royal Society, wrote 2 books. Theory of light and color, Laws of motion, law of gravitation.Laws of Motion•Established by Isaac Newton. Law of inertia, force=mass X acceleration, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Also created the law of gravitation.Theory of Color and Light•Established by Isaac Newton, white light was composed of all colors (separated white light into different color spectra using glass pyramid). Created the color wheel.Aristotle •Believed change was possible in reality. 4 elements: earth water air and fire. Earth at the center of the universe, no void space, planets within spheres of ether. Movement was always towards rightful place, but external forces can move object.Love Canal•Toxins in water causing deformities/cancer in a suburban neighborhoodPlato •Believed change was possible in the sensory world. Believed in Demi urge. Hippocrates/Hippocratics•Greek view of medicine. They reduced magical and supernatural explanations from medicine, stressed prognosis (knowing what will happen to a patient with different diseases/medicines). They believed in balancing the humors to achieve good health.Carl Linnaeus •Studied Aristotle in Sweden, created taxonomy of medical information and plants. (genus, order, class, kingdom) created binomial nomenclature. Got his students to gather plant species from around the world. Didn’t believe in change- every species existed and hadplaces in nature according to a divine plan.Charles Darwin•Questioned and observed nature. Found fossils. Realized there was no logic to nature. Traveled to islands, saw that animals were different than from the animals on the mainland, Ex. Turtles having different features. Came up with natural selection/survival of the fittest.Natural Selection•Variation within species, Differential reproduction/survival, heredity, character of a species changes over time. “survival of the fittest”Thomas Malthus •Came up with “struggle for existence.” That was the idea that reproduction would exceed food supply, and therefore a struggle for existence would occur and make human progress impossible. Eugenics •The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. The growth of the eugenics movement focused on public attention on heredity as a source of degenerate characters in the human population.Military Industrial Complex•A concept commonly used to refer to policy and monetary relationships between governments and their defense systems. Uses science and technology for warfare.Johannes Kepler •Came up with first planetary laws. His laws were completely empirical. Believed that the planets moved in an elliptical orbit. Used geometry to explain why things were the way they were. Believed hat mathematics under laid the universe and that it provided insight to God.Social Darwinism •The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Advocated by Herbert Spencer. Used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. Preformation (genetics)•The idea that whatever was going to come into being already existed. Used as a way to describe how genes can be passed on. (Tiny babies existed in female sex organ and needed sperm to grow to full size) Served religious utility and used Cartesian mechanical philosophy.Catastrophism •The belief that the earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events.Copernican’ cosmology•Believed that the sun was in the center of our solar system and that all the planets orbit around it (Heliocentric Model). Copernicus separated astronomy (explained movement) from cosmology (explained arrangement of universe).Skepticism (Descartes) •Descartes replaces skepticism, of the sense and human reason, with certainty. He used mechanical explanation, along with a premise on the perfection of God to prove that the soul was immortal.Silent Spring •A book written by Rachel Carson. The book is widely credited with helping launch thecontemporary American environmental movement. The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment.“I think, therefore I am” •Rene Descartes said this. The simple meaning of the phrase is that someone wondering whether or not he or she exists is, in and of itself, proof that something, an "I", exists to do the thinking.Vortex•Rene Descartes’s view on the universe. The universe was made of vortices, which were compelled to move because matter is incompressible. When one thing moved, all other things moved because they are connected. Explained movement of planets and left room for God- God would explain who first compelled the vortices to move.Society of Jesus• Established by the church, created schools that stressed mathematics, logic, physics, metaphysics, and ethics.Universal gravitation• Newton’s law that states that every mass in the universe attracts every other mass in the universe. Describes gravity. Binomial nomenclature• Created by Linnaeus.


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FSU HIS 3464 - FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

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