Test 3 ReviewFor the following terms/concepts, be able to identify the key figures and events, as well as place it within the larger context of the class.MY GRADES ON THE PREVIOUS EXAMS:- The legacy of World War Io League of Nations - 128 nations united to prevent the war because of how disastrous WWI was. -They started to enforce rules for warfare but it was not successful because the rules were not followed by every country. -The U.S. did not join the League of Nations because of the rise of the military/industrial/academic complex in the U.S. and the fact that they had no rivals -The impact of the League of Nations was no chemical/biological warfare allowed o Great Depression - was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but inmost countries it started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930s or middle 1940s.[1] It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century-Increased poverty- Japanese biological experimentation programso Unit 731 - camps where over 20,000 civilian Japanese scientists experimented on Chinese prisoners -These camps were research facilities that developed biological warfare weapons by conducting heinous experiments on Chinese prisoners-The official name was Water Purification and Epidemic Prevention Unito Shiro Ishii -he was an army medical officer and the director of Unit 731, the biological warfare unit in Japan that conducted experiments on Chinese prisoners-He went against the League of Nations rules of no chemical/biological warfare allowed in war-He actually was inspired by the treaties of the League of Nations to make biological warfare weaponso After the war? --After the war almost all of the scientists who had been involved in conducting lethal human experiments on Chinese prisoners were pardoned by the U.S. in exchange of their research.- German biological experimentation programso Different types and motivations for experiments - -Types of experiments:-Survival experiments included at what altitude/temperature/length would it take until the person would die - Survival experiments took place at German concentration camps in order to be able to apply their research on the soldiers at the battlefield to be better suited for the environment (so the soldiers can increase their chances of surviving while on the battlefield).-“Medicine” experiments included immunization experiments where scientists tested immunizations on the prisoners to obtain a better understanding of the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases-They also conducted experiments to investigate the most effective treatment of wounds caused by mustard gas which inflicted severe chemical burns to the prisoners. -Medicine experiments were conducted with the goal of developing andtesting pharmaceuticals and treatments that could be applied to injuries and illnesses that the German soldiers could possibly encounter on the battlefield.-Racial experiments included eugenics experiments and sterilization experiments (known as applied biology).-Aktion T-4 program was designed to sterilize the population of people who had genetic defects and who were judged incurably sick by German medical personnel. -Children who had genetic defects or whose parents had genetic defectswere euthanized by infection or starved to death-700,000 people were sterilized from these experiments-The purpose of these experiments were to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi worldview to kill off people that they considered racially or genetically undesirable. o Josef Mengele - part of the scientists who conducted eugenics experiments in the concentration camps -He was known as the angel of death because when the prisoners arrived to the concentration camps he was the one who decided who lived and who died-He was interested in genetics and conducted experiments on twins to see if genetic makeup could be changed through experimentation-He escaped Germany to avoid persecution after the war and was never sent to trialo After the war? - almost all of the scientists were sent to Nuremberg trials where many of them were found guilty and either sentenced to death, life sentence or sent to prisonfor varying lengths-These experiments brought about ethics in science- The impact of technology on World War IIo Planes, tanks, radar -were all made during WWII.-The U.S. became an arsenal for the world by renting/leasing war technology-Technology rapidly advanced because of WWII-The academic/industrial/military complex expanded in many nations because of WWII -Creation and use of the atomic bomb-creation of nuclear, biological, and space programso Penicillin, DDT - -Penicillin was discovered on accident but it was hard to duplicate.-The U.S. found a way to duplicate Penicillin which saved millions of lives-DDT was discovered by a graduate student who brought the formula to the U.S.where it was mass produced and saved millions of lives -DDT eradicated all diseases carried by bugs- The “invention” of the atomic bombo James Chadwick - discovered the Neutron in 1932o Leo Szilard -wrote about the possibility of using the neutron as a weapon by shooting a neutron to nucleus of atom which would cause it to break-He patented the idea in 1934 and tried to gift it to Britain but they refused it -He basically created/invented the atomic bombo Enrico Fermi - discovered that Uranium acts different (has radioactive effects) with neutrons -This was later discovered that it was nuclear fission o Pre-war Interaction between scientists and governments -Szilard writes a letter and gets it signed by Einstein and sent it to FDR saying that Germany may be starting research on atomic bombs so we should too. -Vannevar Bush is given money by FDR and he starts the Manhattan Projecto Heisenberg and Bohr conversation - -They were two scientists who were working on nuclear fission and the atomic bomb. They went to Copenhagen and talked about nuclear fission. Heisenbergasked if they should continue with the development of the atomic bomb, Bohr says they should do it but Heisenberg does not agree and their friendship ends because of this.-Heisenberg knowingly/unknowingly sabotaged German effort to have a nuclearprogram to do research for the development of the atomic bomb.- The Manhattan Projecto Leslie Groves - The Manhattan project really started going when was appointed. He