Respiratory System levels 1 Functions Regulation of blood pH Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide 2 Production of chemical mediators ACE 3 Voice production Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech 4 Olfaction Smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into nasal cavity 5 Protection Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them from respiratory surfaces Upper Tract nose pharynx Lower tract larynx trachea bronchi lungs Nose and nasal Cavaties From nares to choanae Vestibule just inside nares Hard palate floor of nasal cavity Nasal septum partition dividing cavity Anterior cartilage posterior vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid Choanae bony ridges on lateral walls with meatuses between Openings to paranasal sinuses and to nasolacrimal duct Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc Permission required for reproduction or display Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinus Paranasal sinuses Nasal cavity Superior meatus Middle Inferior meatus meatus Choan a Pharyngeal tonsil Opening of auditory tube Nasopharynx Soft palate Uvul a Fauces Oropharynx Pharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Nasal cavity Larynx Cribriform plate Superior concha Middle concha Inferior concha Vestibule Naris Hard palate Oral cavity Tongue Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil Hyoid bone Epiglotti s Vestibular fold Vocal fold Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea a Medial view Pharynx openings for digestive parts Nasopharynx nose part Oropharynx mouth to digestive system Laryngopharynx epiglottis to esophagus Larynx Unpaired Cartilages Thyroid Adam s apple Cricoid inferior base of larynx Epiglottis flap to close attached to thyroid Arytenoids attached to cricoid Corniculate attached to arytenoids Cuneiform contained in mucous membrane Paired Functions Maintain an open passageway for air movement thyroid and cricoid Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving cartilages into larynx Vocal folds are primary source of sound production Greater the amplitude of vibration louder the sound Frequency of vibration determines pitch Arytenoid cartilages and skeletal muscles determine length of vocal folds and also abduct the folds when not speaking to pull them out of the way making glottis larger The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium traps debris preventing their entry into the lower respiratory tract Trachea Windpipe Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris Trachea divides into two primary bronchi Primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi one lobe which then divide into tertiary bronchi Bronchopulmonary segments defined by tertiary bronchi Respiratory zone Respiratory bronchioles branch from terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles have very few alveoli Give rise to alveolar ducts which have more alveoli Alveolar ducts end as alveolar sacs that have 2 or 3 alveoli at their terminus No cilia but debris removed by macrophages Macrophages then move into nearby lymphatics or into terminal bronchioles Lungs Inspiration diaphragm external intercostals pectoralis minor scalenes Diaphragm dome shaped with base of dome attached to inner circumference of inferior thoracic cage Central tendon top of dome Quiet inspiration accounts for 2 3 of increase in size of thoracic volume Inferior movement of central tendon and flattening of dome Abdominal muscles relax Other muscles elevate ribs and costal cartilages allow lateral rib movement internal intercostals Expiration muscles that depress the ribs and sternum abdominal muscles and Quiet expiration relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals with contraction of abdominal muscles Labored breathing all inspiratory muscles are active and contract more forcefully Expiration is rapid Pleura Filled with pleural fluid Pleural cavity surrounds each lung and is formed by the pleural membranes Visceral pleura adherent to lung Simple squamous epithelium serous Parietal pleura adherent to internal thoracic wall Digestive System Composed of Alimentary canal central Accessory organs teeth tongue saliva liver pancreas gallbladder Digestive ways Catabolism large to small Anabolism small to large Mechanical Digestion mastication chew swallowing mixing Peristalsis movement of food in GI Chemical digestion using water hydrolysis Fats fatty acids Carbs polysaccharides monosaccharide Proteins amino acids ANATOMY OVERVIEW GI tract four layered tissues Mucosa mucous membrane of lamina propia Submucosa binds mucosa to muscularis contains vessels for absorbed substance Muscularis muscle to expand stomach intestines increases Surface Area serosa adventitia if tissue surrounded outter layer Peritoeum largest serous membrane The Mouth deglutition swallowing Esophagus move food down to stomach The Stomach large mucosa folds called rugae enable gastric distension Muscalaris contains additional 3rd inner layer for mixing action A variety of specialized exocrine and endocrine cell types populate the gastric glands and pits Exocrine gland cells include mucous neck cells which produce mucus parietal cells which produce intrinsic factor and HCl chief cells which secrete the protease pepsinogen and gastric lipase Enteroendocrine G cells located mainly in the pyloric antrum secrete the hormone gastrin into the bloodstream Stomach protects itself from own gastric juice with mucus o The strongly acidic nature of gastric juice kills many microbes partially denatures proteins in food and converts pepsinogen into pepsin Pepsin is the only proteolytic enzyme in the stomach Gastric lipase splits triglycerides Intrinsic factor IF is needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum Vitamin B12 is needed for RBC production mixing waves pass over the stomach every 15 to 25 seconds o These waves macerate food mix it with secretions of the gastric glands and reduce it to a soupy liquid called chyme Ghrelin makes you hungry ghrehlin angiotensin angiotensin 1 Pancreas It is connected to the duodenum by the hepatopancreatic ampulla and accessory ducts o It secretes enzymes which digest food in the small intestine and sodium bicarbonate which buffers the acidic pH of chyme o Proper pH o A starch digesting enzyme called pancreatic amylase o Several enzymes that cleave polypeptides into dipeptides and single amino acids trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase and elastase o Pancreatic lipase the major triglyceride fat digesting enzyme in adults The Liver and Gallbladder Hepatocytes are the major functional cells of the liver As
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