What is Gender Social Structure Organization of society that shapes social behavior and attitude Collective versus social basis for behavior o Moving away from the individual o How people respond to this structure Sex Category that an infant is assigned at birth Biological aspect hormones reproductive system Gender What it means to be masculine feminine within a society Social cultural and psychological traits linked to males females through a particular context Ex An expectant mother If she has a girl she will buy gender appropriate clothes pink and decorate the room accordingly cartoon princesses flowers etc If she has a boy Will likely buy blue and sport racecar items Socialization aspect Filling traditional gender roles Gender Display Presentation of self as certain kind of gendered person using dress makeup adornments body markers o When is it socially acceptable for a man to wear makeup Interview models actors Halloween sports Gendered Processes Social practice of learning being taught and picking up cues for gender appropriate or not behavior o Even at a young age we are corrected to act properly Gender Binary o Artificial division of world in to masculine for men and feminine for females Opposite sex gender implies there are only two male female Different sex gender implies more options Creates a hierarchy Allows a fluid view Valued no ranking system Gender Identity How we see ourselves Sexual Orientations Who we are attracted to Pluralizing Gender Gender is fluid and dynamic Masculinities and femininities are on a spectrum can be different amount of each Ideal types of gender Gender and Power by Connell 1980 Hegemonic Masculinity bread winner manly man butch the manliest man that a guy can be Emphasized Femininity down play intelligence don t want to emasculate the man Quiet demure Making Gender Visible When we hear gang violence violence in schools drug violence we think male Youth violence is a problem in data because there is no gender information shown Overview Introduction to Women in Crime Women s Experiences in Criminal Justice System Blurring of lines women as offender victim and criminal justice professional o Belknap Research o Tend to see women as all 3 nowadays Ex most women prisoners have prior victimization that led them to become an offender they re all connected Ex lady cop with a violent husband who kills for self defense she would fall under all 3 categories Historical Overview experiences Add gender and stir approach to developing criminological theories o Idea of applying male theories to understanding female behaviors and o Men are the norm women the anomaly o Problem being that women don t fit in to a male equation Contemporary Overview How is a male offender different from a female offender How should CJS respond to female offenders How do females experience victimization How does CJS respond to female victims Official Data Sources UCR Uniform Crime Reports 1930 Represents crimes known to the police FBI Good for examining trends over time Part One offenses Index crimes Includes demographic data o Age o Gender o Race Ethnicity o Location state o Region metropolitan suburban rural Limitations of UCR o Hierarchy rule Only the most severe crime is reported o Crimes not reported at all about 50 o Police recording Different police stations may report data differently o No arrests for many crimes NCVS National Crime Victimization Survey 1972 50 000 households 100 000 people age 12 Collected annually What type of data is collected o Information on under reported crimes o Detailed information on 6 types of crime Rape assault burglary motor vehicle theft robbery theft o Situational factors Race ethnicity income age marital status Relationship to offender provides offender information o If it was reported to the police and why or why not Limitations o Limited number of crimes o Doesn t account for victims under 12 o Non reporting issues o Problems with survey time order forgetting offenses etc Section Two Theories of Victimization Emergence of victim assistant programs 1970s Legislatures establishing rights for victims in CJ process because previously the defendant was all that seemed important According to the NCVS only 46 of victims actually report to police only 42 of rape assault report Why is there this reluctance to report o Embarrassment distrust of police think it won t change anything Seeing victim as careless Seeing victim as engaging in provocative lude risky manner Victim Blaming Victim engaging in A typical action ex parking in bad neighborhood Victim blaming is o Linked to low reporting o Secondary victimization Less likely to report if Intimate Partner Violence sexual abuse Feeling victimized again in court or by criminal justice system Don t receive propers upport o Negative consequences of victim blaming Fear of Victim 1 Differential Victimization o Women and men are taught to be different Women as damsel and men as aggressor Girls taught to be fearful 2 Shadow of Sexual Assault Theis o Media perpetuating the fear of sexual assault strong relationship o Women feeling that any crime can lead to sexual violence 3 Feelings of Vulnerability o Prior victimizations can make one feel more vulnerable o Particularly a problem for women More likely to be victimized again because of this Routine Activities Theory property crimes Likelihood of a criminal act occurs when these 3 items coincide 1 Motivated offender 2 Potential victim 3 Lack of guardianship In this instance men are seen to be more likely victims than women Feminist Critique of Routine Activities Theory Who are the guardians o If males are supposed to be the guardians but they are also the ones commonly committing the crime can they still be seen as the guardian o Guardians may engage in crimes that victimize women Are men more vulnerable to being victimized o Only in property crimes women are more vulnerable for crimes against an individual Women who are drug users may be suitable targets o More likely to engage in risky behavior or keep drugs in their house which would lead to a perpetrator committing a property crime Do campus programs really work Lifestyle Theory crimes against persons Violent offending and antisocial behavior done by the victim can increase their risk of Lifestyles are patterned recurrent prevalent or routine victimization o Going to bed early can decrease likelihood of being victim Theoretic Integration of Lifestyle theory and Routine Activities o Examine sexually
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