Exam 2 Study Guide SPA 2001 Content from Chapters 4 5 9 7 13 Chapter 4 Childhood Language Impairment Objectives Characterize language impairment Describe the disorders associated with language impairment Key Concepts Developmental expectations in language form content and use across pre language toddler preschool and school age language periods Associated disorders and related causes of childhood LI Lifespan issues for children with LI Review your notes and the PPT from the guest speaker on dialect language variation Review the Meaningful Differences video presentation notes from this discussion video on BB Key Terms MLU The average length of utterances measured in morphemes In English this is an important measure of preschool development because language becomes more complex as it becomes longer Fast mapping A process in which a child infers the meaning of a word from context uses it in a similar context at a later time evolves over time Enables preschool children to expand their vocabularies quickly by being able to use a word without fully understanding the meaning Specific language impairment A language impairment in the absence of hearing oral structural or functioning cognitive or perceptual deficits Have typical nonverbal intelligence but exhibit deficits in a variety of nonverbal tasks suggesting impaired or delayed cognitive functioning Children with SLI exhibit language performance significantly lower than their intellectual performance on non verbal tasks SLI affects more males than females and there is an increased prevalence of SLI in families with a history of speech language problems Those with SLI do not exhibit perceptual difficulties Children with SLI have different neuroanatomical structure and function Many show marked deficits in working memory Associated disorders and related causes such as Intellectual disability ID formerly mental retardation consists of the following Substantial limitations in intellectual functioning Significant limitations in adaptive behavior Originates before age 18 Severity is based on IQ level the amount of assistance an individual needs to get through daily life Moderate to severe language delays learning disability A heterogeneous group of disorders that are manifested by significant difficulties in the development and use of listening speaking reading writing reasoning or mathematical abilities Children with LD exhibit poor ability to attend selectively concentrating on inappropriate or unimportant stimuli 6 categories of characteristics motor attention perception symbol memory and emotion autism spectrum disorder Term used to characterize individuals at the severe end of the pervasive developmental disorder PDD continuum an impairment in reciprocal social interaction with a severely limited behavior interest activity repertoire that has its onset before 30 months of age Many children with ASD have abnormal social interactions and failure in the give and take of conversation poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication including eye contact and body language difficulty adjusting to different social situations and stereotypical motor patterns and echolalia Motor patterns of behavior may include rocking and fascination with lights or spinning objects A child may insist on certain routines or be preoccupied with specific objects foods or clothing May have an adverse reaction to other sounds or textures Incidence of ASD among children is 1 in 88 Boys are 5 times more likely to display ASD characteristics Most children with ASD have IQs above 70 above the cutoff for ID Approximately 25 of children with ASD exhibit ID The primary causal factors in autism are biological traumatic brain injury TBI Damage to the brain that results from bruising laceration caused by forceful contact with the relatively rough inner surfaces of the skull or from secondary edema or swelling infraction or death of tissue hematoma Apprx 1 million children adolescents in the U S have experienced a TBI neglect abuse Each year in the US approximately 900 000 children are maltreated sufficiently for the neglect and or abuse to be reported to the authorities Child mother attachment is more significant in language development than maltreatment Although all aspects of language are affected pragmatics is the greatest difficulty Recurring emotional mental problems First words checklist for early language development 7 predictors 1 Grammatical Completion 2 Receptive Vocabulary 3 Defining Words 4 Pragmatic Functions 5 Sentence Imitation 6 Parallel Sentence Production 7 Grammatical Correctness Dialect A linguistic variation that 5 Literacy impairment Objectives Describe the aspects of literacy that are of concern to the SLP Explain how literacy develops Explain the deficits in literacy experienced by children with language impairment How areas of language within language form content use influence areas of literacy development Differences between spoken and written language Review Dr HM s PPT on literacy is attributable primarily to geographic region or foreign language background it includes features of form content use Accent The way that particular person or group of people sound the way someone pronounces their words Dynamic assessment Probe performance to identify possible intervention procedures Print awareness Knowledge of the meaning function of print including recognition of words letters terminology such as letter word or sentence Decoding Breaking or segmenting a written word into its component sounds then blending them together to form a recognizable word Phonological awareness Knowledge of sounds syllables of the sound structure of words Phonics Sound letter correspondence Reading fluency Reading becomes more automatic or fluent aided by grapheme phoneme patterns in memory by analogy Vocabulary Reading is interactive one of the ways adults increase vocab knowledge poor readers exhibit vocab deficits Reading comprehension Poor reading comprehension is associated with poor oral language occurs in kids with hyperlexia many kids have poor reading comprehension because they lack language knowledge that would enable them to integrate what they read 9 Articulation Phonological Disorders Articulation Speech requires neuromotor coordination to say Role of the articulatory system in speech production Objectives Describe the nature of speech sounds and the relationship between phonology and articulation Describe the correlates and causes of disorders of