Chapter 1 their past variation Chapter 2 testing Cultural Anthropology study of cultures societies of human beings and Archaeology study of past societies and their cultures tools food remains and places where people lived Linguistic Anthropology study of language Physical Anthropology biological study of human evolution and Hypothesis explanation for things people observe Theory summarizes hypothesis that have been supported by repeated Lamarck first major proponent of the idea of organic evolution theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics believed that organisms evolve in a lifetime false Linnaeus botanist agreed with the Great Chain of Being modern taxonomy Hutton Scottish physician geologist naturalist work helped establish the Lyell friend of Darwin founder of modern geology proponent of class order genus species basis of modern geology Uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism idea that forces that change the earth s crust now are the same forces that have shaped it throughout time processes are often sow and gradual grinding of glaciers upon surface of land decomposition of organic matter wind water erosion front local flooding volcanic activity earthquakes Cuvier father of Paleontology first person to prove fossils are real and that use to be living organisms that were later on turned into stone Buffon French naturalist influenced Lamarck and Cuvier Malthus economist problems about population increasing population grow faster than food supply not all will survive Wallace went to S America on expedition for 4 years arrived independently with the idea that species are mutable credited Malthus for the inspiration about Natural Selection Taxonomy classification scheme for plants and animals class order genus species Binomial Nomenclature Catastrophism formal system of naming special of living things by giving each name composed of two parts genus species Natural Selection biological trait inherited characteristics that enhanced an organism s survival in an environment would increase in frequency over time Fitness the ability of a population to survive reproduce and adapt Population sum of gene frequencies for all the genes represented by that population Chapter 3 Darwin s Finches over a dozen different species in the Galapagos each with their own pattern of distribution over time their beaks changed in size and shape to occupy the roles usually of unrelated birds Prokaryote its DNA is not a membrane bound nucleus most are single celled organisms ex bacteria more common Eukaryote its DNA is contained in a membrane bound nucleus most are multi celled organisms o Somatic Cell cells that form most parts of an organisms body o Gametes sex cells sperm eggs Allele alternative versions of a gene Homozygous chemically identical alleles Heterozygous chemically different alleles Exons certain sections of the gene that code for protein Autosomes non sex chromosomes 1 22 Introns section of the gene that doesn t code for anything protein Sex Chromosomes pair 23 X Y females only carry X while males have X Y the father determines the sex of the offspring Codon three bases that specify a particular amino acids Amino Acids 20 different kinds Protein many important kinds collagen keratin antibodies insulin lactase Mitosis production of identical somatic cells DNA replication followed by one cell division happens in a diploid cell cell containing a full set of chromosomes Meiosis production of gametes one DNA replication followed by two cell divisions gametes are haploid half the number of chromosomes does not result in identical cell copies 3 differences between DNA and RNA o 4 bases of DNA C G A T 4 bases of RNA C G A U o DNA is double stranded diploid RNA is single stranded haploid o DNA s sugar is deoxyribose RNA s sugar is ribose DNA transcription RNA translation Protein Chapter 4 female Genotype genetic makeup of a cell AA Aa aa XX XY Phenotype organism s expressed physical traits yellow green male Point Mutation changes can be as small as one base pair substitution or as large as inheriting the wrong number of chromosomes Mendel s Law of Segregation when an organism makes gametes a diploid cell divides into two haploids Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment when an organism makes gametes allele pairs separate independently important when looking at 2 different characteristics that the new generation will have Polygenetic Trait traits skin color hair color adult height overall body proportions are strongly affected by the environment Dominant Allele the allele that is expressed when present on only one Recessive Allele the allele that is only expressed when present on both of homologous chromosomes the homologous chromosomes Chapter 5 Mutation change in DNA sequence random o The only source of new genetic information Migration Gene Flow migrate out of one population and take their traits with them random Genetic Drift changes in frequency of a certain trait in a small population o Founder Effect type of genetic drift where one population colonizes a new area and or becomes reproductively isolated Amish people o Bottle Neck type of genetic drift where a population is reduced to a few reproducing individuals famine Natural Selection more advantageous trait becomes more common in population only one not random Directional Selection favors extreme form of a trait o Size of mammoth in Ice Age increased in size Stabilizing Selection favors the average form of a trait o Living fossils horseshoe crab Sexual Dimorphism differences in appearance between males and females in the same species color shape size structure Sexual Selection selection drive by the competition for mates similar to natural selection Punctuated Equilibrium process that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history Disruptive Selection favors individual at both extremes Microevolution little changes accumulating over time Macroevolution large scale evolution takes hundreds or thousands of generations Chapter 6 Polymorphism some evolutionary force such as a natural selection gene flow or genetic drift increased in presence in the gene pool o 30 A 20 B 50 O Alleles for blood type Allen s Rule Appendages in cold climates tend to be shorter than those in Bergman s Rule Body size tends to be greater in cold climates than in hot hot climates climates Sickle Cell and Malaria o Sickle Cell is the cure for Malaria which is caused by mosquitos o Sickle Cell is caused by a single