Exam 2 Study Guide1. Primates as mammals: body hair, long gestation, live birth, mammary glands, heterodont, homoeothermic, increased brain size, capacity for learning, and behavioral flexibility.Primates as primates: 5 digits on hands and feet, opposable thumbs, nails instead of claws, sensitive finger pads, binocular vision, reduced reliance on sense of smell, omnivorous generalized diet, most are partially or full arboreal, extended life span, delayed maturity, dependent on learned behaviors, and social groups among males. 2. Anthropoids: new world monkeys, arboreal, platyrrhines, 3 groups--callitrichids, cebids, and ate lids.Prosimians: primitive, laterally placed eyes, grooming claw, unfused mandible, dental comb, shorter gestation.Platyrrhines: broad, flat nosesCatarrhines: old world monkeys, apes, humans. 3.Humans and Chimps diverge at the family stage of the taxonomy4. The second taxonomic division is when prosimians and anthropoids were changed to Haplorhines(--all anthropoids + Tarsier ) and Strepsirhines(--prosimians - Tarsier)5. Dental formula = incisor, canine, premolar, and molar. It looks at 1/4th of the mouth.6. Callitrichid dental formula:2,1,3,2New world monkeys:2,1,3,3Old world monkeys, apes, and humans: 2,1,2,37. Primitive traits: older, ancestralDerived: more newly evolved, specialized.8. The species with derived trait of twinning: callitrichids. Cheek pouches and Ischial : cercopithecines. 9. Geographic distribution of primates: old world monkeys--originated in Africa and asia. New world monkeys--south and central america. Convergent orbits, nails instead of claws, grasping hands and feet.10. Ecological niche: the part of the environment you exploit in order to make your living. Example: bamboo lemurs11.humans are not the only species to possess language. Apes are unable to “speak” because their vocal structure is not built to produce consonant sounds. 12. Primate socioecology is the study of primates in their own environment.13. Hominid: humans and the bipedal ancestorHominoid: all apes and humans14. Sexual dimorphism: the differences between the sexes, pronounced in body size in most primates.15. Philopatry: “love of country” primates that are philopatric tend to be females that stay with the natal group.16. 2 hypotheses of social living--predator avoidance and resource defense.17. Basic social unit of primates is the mother and her dependent offspring.18. “r” and “K” life strategies are used to define organisms’ way of surviving. “r” organisms tend to be smaller, have little to no investment in the offspring, and live in an unpredictable, unstable environment. “K” organisms are larger in body size, live longer, invest a lot of time in the offspring, and live in stableenvironment.Why don’t apes speak? Because their vocal structure is different than that of a human. They can only produce vowel sounds and cannot make consonant sounds, they can however learn sign language and communicate effectively with
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