2-16The order of primates – prosimians, monkeys, and apes- Primitive vs. derived traitso Primitive – older, ancestral Example: 5 digitso Derived – More newly evolved, specialized Bipedal movemento Dental Formula Primates are heterodonts- They have incisors, canines, premolars, and molars- Dental formula is species specifico Only look at one quadrant (that is one half of one jaw) Order of teeth (human dental formula) Incisors (2) Canine (1) Premolars (2) Molars (3)- What is a primate?o Over 200 species, few derived traits Hard to define Have to use a combination of traitso Mammals (3 kinds) Egg-laying Marsupials Placental (primates in this category)- Body hair- Long gestation, live birth- Mammary glands- Heterodonts- Homeothermy- Increased brain size- Capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility Primates as mammals- Ancestral homology – something we share with a common ancestoro Example: 5 digits- Prehensile hands (grasping) and feeto Opposible thumbs, and on feeto Humans derived lack of grasping in feet- With more tactile sensitivity, primates have sensitive fingers- We developed nails instead of claws for this- Primates retrained clavicle through common ancestoro Allows for much more mobility (trees)- Stereoscopic, binocular visiono Gives 3d perceptiono Protection for eye-post orbital bar, or bony cup (what we have)- Reduced sense of smell- Increased vision- Omnivores – but this is a general statemento Normally primates are omnivores but most specialize in one kind of food Insectivores – insects Frugivore – fruit Folivore – leaveso Arboreal – mostly live in treeso other characteristics tendency towards an erect posture delayed maturation period and extension of life span greater dependence on learned behavior tendency to live in social groups with males diurnal- Taxonomyo 2 suborders Prosimians Anthropoids - Prosimianso Most primitiveo Characteristics: More laterally placed eyes Shorter gestation and maturation Dental comp Grooming claw Unfused mandible All old-world (Africa and Asia) Lemurs (Madagascar) Tarsiers (SE Asia) Lorises, bushbabies (Asia, Africa) Small bodied, nocturnal solitary Some are social and some are diurnal- Anthropoidso Monkeys, apes, us Larger body Larger brain Less smell More vision Fully enclosed eye orbit Fused mandible Longer gestation and maturation periods Increased parental
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