FMSC 280 Reading Guide for Exam 3 Jacobsen Chapter 9 Control of Infectious Diseases 1 What are the 5 modes of transmission for communicable diseases Direct transmission person to person when susceptible person touched an infectious person s blood or bodily fluids and then touches a portal of entry Airborne when pathogens are suspended in the air and people breathe that contaminated Vector borne spread by insects Fecal oral transmission people inject products contaminated with fecal material from air animals or humans Vertical transmission mother to child during pregnancy or through breast milk 2 What are the stages in the natural history of a disease Usual timeline from exposure to a particular agent to infection to either recovery or death Infectivity capacity of an infectious agent to cause infection to susceptible human 1 Measured with secondary attack rate average number of other people that i one contagious person infects ii Latent phase incubation period immediately after infection when the agent iii Disease occurs when infected person develops symptoms or illness not all multiplies in the host infections cause disease iv Pathogenicity capacity of an infection to cause disease in an infected human and measured by the proportion of individuals with lab confirmed infection who become ill v Virulence ability of an infectious agent to cause disease or death in host measured by proportion of severe or fatal cases among all people who have disease 3 What is the role of the immune system in the natural history of disease Immune system fights off pathogens 4 What is the meaning of the following terms Portal of entry mouth eyes nose or another hole disease can get into Reservoir environment home for infectious agent Cycle of infection how infectious agent cycles between different species Intermediate host harbors parasite for short period until development complete Secondary attack rate average number of people that the contagious person affects Incubation period after infection agent multiplies but host does not feel sick 5 What type of agent bacteria virus protozoa fungus parasite causes each of the following infectious diseases Schistosomiasis parasite Guinea worm disease parasite Measles virus E Coli bacteria Tuberculosis bacteria Malaria protozoan from mosquitos Polio virus Lyme disease bacteria from ticks Influenza virus 1 6 What is a vector Insect 7 What is KAP and what does it mean in terms of healthy behaviors Knowledge attitudes and practices Once the person understands why it is health and believe it is worth the effort to change it is easier for them to engage in this behavior 8 What does the term surveillance mean in the context of communicable disease What is sentinel surveillance Track infectious disease reports from hospitals and other information sources to look for patterns and possible outbreaks Information from continuous monitoring systems at several selected sentinel sites is used to alert public health officials to possible changes in community health status 9 What is the difference between the elimination of a communicable disease and eradication of a communicable disease Elimination control measures remove all risk of new infection in a region Eradication there is no risk of infection or disease anywhere in the world even in the absence of immunizations or other control measures 10 Define endemic epidemic and pandemic Endemic disease is always present in a population Epidemic when a disease is occurring more often than usual and there are more than a few sporadic occurrences of the disease Pandemic worldwide epidemic like influenza epidemics Jacobsen ch 10 Global Infectious Disease Initiatives 1 What does AIDS stand for Human immunodeficiency virus 2 What is the difference between HIV and AIDS At what point does HIV become AIDS AIDS is a syndrome HIV is a virus CD4 count falls below 200 particles per mm3 and may fall to undetectable levels 3 What is an antiretroviral Keep viral count low and slow the progression of symptoms 4 What is HAART and what do the letters in HAART stand for Prolongs the duration of time between infection and the onset of AIDS Highly active antiretroviral therapy 5 What is an opportunistic infection Only occur when the body s immune system is weakened enough to give the infectious agent the opportunity to invade 6 What are universal precautions Protect themselves such as wearing gloves when cleaning up a spill or soiled laundry 7 Can HIV be transmitted from a mother to her infant in breast milk 8 What is the difference between latent and active tuberculosis Yes Latent infection Active disease 9 What is the relationship between AIDS and TB TB is a leading cause of death in people with AIDS weakened immune systems 10 What is DOTS and what do the letters stand for Directly observed therapy short course 2 A protocol for treatment 11 Why are antibiotic resistant bacteria a problem in TB treatment Does not respond to standard antibiotics other drugs are more expensive and treatment is longer about 2 years rather than 6 months 12 What causes malaria Protozoa mosquitos 13 Who is most at risk for severe complications and death from malaria Children and pregnant women Jacobsen Ch 7 The Global Impact of Non Communicable Disease 1 What is a non communicable disease Why are they often called chronic diseases What Most common cause of death of older adults in every region of the world 2 What is the most significant predictor of cardiovascular disease What are some modifiable risk causes them factors for CVD Increasing age Tobacco use physical inactivity obesity unhealthy diet too much alcohol unmanaged diabetes unhealthy blood lipid profile 3 What are some modifiable risk factors for cancer Same as above 4 The proportion of people who live in high income countries who develop cancer is much higher than the proportion in low and middle income countries Why Cancer is more common in older adults and people in high income countries live longer 5 The number of deaths due to cancer in low and middle income countries is higher than in high income countries Why More people in low middle income countries 6 Why are survival rates from cancer lower in developing countries than developed countries Often not diagnosed until cancer is at an advanced stage 7 What is COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by coughing shortness of breath wheezing tightening in chest etc 8 Describe diabetes and why it is becoming a major cause of premature death