The Respiratory System 1 Diaphragm contract go down 2 Respiratory sacs Alveoli 3 Wall of Alveoli Epithelial cells 4 Next to wall of Alveoli Capillaries Endothelial cell because there is exchange of Oxygen 5 Respiratory Bronchioles have Alveoli Exchange of gases between alveolus O2 and blood CO2 a Diffusion of CO2 out of blood into Alveoli b Diffusion of O2 out of Alveoli into blood 6 2 zones depend of Alveoli a Conducting zone i Lack Alveoli ii Also known as Bronchiole tree b Respiration zone Alveoli i Respiration Move O2 into cell and CO2 into Alveoli ii Alveoli surrounded by capillaries 1 Respiratory membrane 2 walls surrounding capillaries a Alveolar walls Secrete ACE Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 High to low diffusion Low O2 and High CO2 in capillaries Diffuse high CO2 to Alveoli 7 Breathing Inspiration Air flows into the lungs a b Expiration Exit the lung c High to low pressure d 1 atm 760 mmHg At Rest e Area Pressure Inspiration Diaphragm Thoracic Cavity Pressure 758 mmHg f Area Pressure Expiration Diaphragm Thoracic Cavity Pressure 762 mmHg 8 Airway Resistance 9 Lung Volumes a Relationship between Flow F Pressure P and Resistance R F P R b Bronchioles have muscle in wall Contract Diameter a Air in out when breathing produces a wave b Tidal Volume 500 mL of air in out i Anatomical Dead Space Conducting zone Tidal volume 150 mL because no alveoli ii Alveolar Air Respiratory zone Tidal Volume 350 mL because alveoli present 10 Alveolar Ventilation a Similar to cardiac output b Volume of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time Breath Min c d Rapid shallow breathing AVR Slow deep breathing AVR 11 Property of Gases a Atmospheric Pressure 760 mmHg Mixture of gases b Most abundant N2 79 c O2 20 d Partial Pressure x total pressure 79 760mmHg 160 mmHg 12 Partial Pressure Gradients a High to low CO2 to O2 because CO2 is more diffusible 45 mmHg to 40 mmHg b O2 from alveoli 104 mmHg diffuse to Venous blood 40 mmHg High to low LUNG c Continue to diffuse in smaller intervals until there is no differences in P Once it reaches the capillaries d There is a higher concentration of CO2 in the veins deoxygenated so CO2 diffuses into the alveoli until there is no difference in P VEINS 13 Air Flow a Exchange of gases occur in capillaries b Oxygenated blood has high O2 pressure reaches the capillaries and delivers O2 high to low the cell has high CO2 now this CO2 will leave the cell into deoxygenated blood high to low c External exchange of gases occurs when you breath O2 in and CO2 out high to low 14 Hemoglobin Hb a Hb transport 4 molecules of O2 Saturated b 3 mole of O2 75 saturated Hb c Volume Mole Pressure Saturation 15 Hb Saturation Curve a Pulmonary to Systematic Capillaries Arterioles i Highly saturated Hb in oxygenated blood 100 saturation ii Vol of O2 unloaded to tissues 20 mL 100 mmHg O2 b Systematic Capillaries to Veins Venous i 75 saturation ii 15mL iii 40 mmHg P of 5mL O2 diffuse 16 Factors that affect Hb Saturation Curve a pH and Temp i Exercise lactic acid production H ii Acidosis H iii Cells need more O2 Saturation Pressure and Volume of O2 in capillaries b c exercise causes more rapid use of O2 in cells and tissues iv Saturation Pressure and Volume of O2 in Blood so it can diffuse into capillaries 17 Transport and Exchange of CO2 a CO2 diffuses into the blood and combines with H2O to form Carbonic Acid H2CO3 b Carbonic Acid H2CO3 then quickly diffuses into H Hydrogen Ions and Bicarbonate Ion HCO3 c Carbonic Anhydrase reversibly catalyzes conversion of CO2 and H2O to Carbonic Acid H2CO3 d 3 ways CO2 is transported into the blood i 10 in plasma ii 90 in RBC 1 70 as Carbonic Acid H2CO3 2 20 combine with Hb 75 saturated since it s now carrying a CO2 e CO2 transport in lungs is opposite i CO2 leaves Hb since O2 is majority into alveolus ii Bicarbonate Ion HCO3 enters RBC combines with H forming Carbonic Acid H2CO3 disassociates into H2O and CO2 and it is released into alveolus iii 10 CO2 in plasma diffuse into alveolus f Influence of CO2 on blood pH i Excess H will combine with bicarbonate HCO3 to form Carbonic Acid H2CO3 ii Once H begins to decrease Carbonic Acid H2CO3 disassociates to release H 18 Respiratory Centers 4 a 2 in medulla oblongata b 2 in respiratory muscles i Relax Expiration Muscles ii Inspiratory Muscles Diaphragm Thoracic Cavity Pressure c Respiratory rate and depth is controlled by these centers 19 Signal Receptors in body a Peripheral Chemoreceptors Large Arteries i Stimulated by high CO2 and H and low O2 ii Mediate 30 of response b Central Chemoreceptors Medulla i Stimulated by high CO2 levels ii Mediate 70 of response CO2 levels are the most stimulating c After chemoreceptors are stimulated they send signal to Medullary respiratory center which send signal to respiratory muscles which cause diaphragm to push up increasing pressure and decreasing thoracic cavity which as a result increases ventilation more CO2 exhaled causing CO2 levels to return to normal Renal Physiology 1 Three functions of the urinary system a Excretion Remove wastes from body fluids b Elimination Remove waste c Homeostatic regulation i Plasma volume and solute concentration ii Long term Blood pressure 1 Urine volume come from plasma decrease volume in blood iii Blood pH 1 Control H ions 2 3 basic processes of Urine Formation a Filtration blood is filtrated in kidneys out of capillaries b Reabsorption Reabsorb the filtrate into blood via kidney tubule c Secretion 2nd capillary to kidney tubule 3 The Nephron Cortex and Medulla a Cortical Nephrons 85 of nephrons located in the cortex b Juxtamedullary Nephrons i Located at cortex medulla junction ii Loops of Henle which invade medulla iii Produce concentrated urine c 1st Arteriole Efferent Arteriole d 2nd Arteriole Afferent Arteriole Juxtaglomerual cells Produce and secrete renin i ii Smooth Muscle Cell e Proximal Convoluted Tubules Duct where it drains into the Kidney Pelvis ii Nutrients are Reabsorbed due to high mitochondria presence iii Low to High concentration Active Transport require energy f Distal Convoluted Tubules i Pass between 2 arterioles ii Drain into collecting ducts iii Macula Densa Detect change of Na concentration 4 Filtration a Filtration Membrane i Made of epithelial cell ii Smaller diameter i Go down Loop of Henle and up to Distal Convoluted Tubules which drain into the Collecting iii Bigger substrates stay in capillaries Protein Plasma filtrates through iv Controlled by size of substrate b Kidney filter
View Full Document
Unlocking...