Plant Biology Terms Test 1 Prokaryotes Before the nucleus A cell lacking a membrane bounded nucleus and membrane bounded organelles Bacteria and Archaea Eukaryotes After the nucleus cell that has a membrane bounded nucleus membrane bounded organelles and chromosomes in which the DNA is associated with proteins an organism composed of such cells Plants animals fungi and protists are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes Serial Endosymbiotic theory The concept for the orgin of mitochondria and chloroplasts Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to be the descendants of bacteria that were taken up and adopted by some ancient host cell Endosymbionts Prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts An organism that lives within another dissimilar organism Serial Endosymbiosis The process by which eukaryotic cells originated The events did not occur simultaneously mitochondria certainly predate chloroplasts Taxonomy The science of the classification of Taxon General term for any one of the taxonomic organisms The identifying naming and classifying of species categories such as species class order or phylum The level at which it is ranked is called category ex Genus and species are categories Binomial Linnaeus made permanent the binomial two term system of nomenclature Instead of polynomial names easier to remember and write Systematics The scientific study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history Phylogeny Evolutionary history Differences and similarities among organisms came to be seen as products of their evolutionary history Evolutionary relationships among organisms the developmental history of a group of organisms Archaebacteria Very different group of ancient prokaryotes some of which are notable for their ability to live in extreme environments Eubacteria True Bacteria Prokaryotes Eukarya Eukaryotes Include all eukaryotes Domain Highest taxonomic category Include the protists fungi plants and animals Monera Due to fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes were placed in a separate kingdom called Monera Protista Paraphyletic Pertaining to a taxon that excludes species that share a common ancestor with species included in the taxon For convenience the predominantly unicellular phyla and some of the multicellular lines associated with them are grouped in the Kingdom Protista from which the three kingdoms consisting essentially of multicellular organisms Plantae Animalia and Fungi have evolved Comprise all organisms traditionally regarded as protozoa one celled organisms which are heterotrophic as well as all algae which are autotrophic Reproductive cycle Sexual reproduction and cell division varied Motility flagella cilia or amoeboid movement or nonmotile Animal Kingdom Multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells lacking cell walls plastids and photosynthetic pigments Nutrition is primarily ingestive food is taken in through the mouth or other opening digestion occurs in an internal cavity The level of organization and tissue differentiation in complex animals far exceeds that of the other kingdoms complex sensory and neuromotor systems Motility Contractile fibers Reproduction is predominantly sexual Plant Kingdom Together the bryophytes and vascular plants which are adapted for life on land are considered to constitute the Kingdom Plantae All plants are multicellular and are composed of eukaryotic cells that contain vacuoles and are surrounded by cell walls that contain cellulose Their principle mode of nutrition is photosynthesis although a few plants have become heterotrophic Structural differentiation occurred during the evolution of plants on land with trends toward the evolution of organs specialized for photosynthesis anchorage and support Reproduction is primarily sexual with cycles of alternating haploid and diploid cycles In more advanced plants the haploid generation the gametophyte has been reduced during the course of evolution Plants have an embryo during the sporophytic stage of the life cycle Embryophyte Fungi nonmotile filamentous eukaryotes that lack plastids and photosynthetic pigments absorb their nutrients from either dead or living organisms Used to be grouped with plants RNA sequencing has proven that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants common ancestor flagellated protist Cell walls include a matrix of chitin Fungal reproductive cycles typically involve both sexual and asexual processes Anthophyta The phylum of angiosperms or flowering plants Monocots A plant whose embryo has one cotyledon one of the two great classes of angiosperms Dicots Refers to all angiosperms other than monocots characterized by having two cotyledons Stamen The part of the flower producing the pollen composed usually of anther and filament collectively the stamens make up the androecium Anther The pollen bearing portion of a stamen Filament The stalk of a stamen Pistil A term sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or a group of fused carpels Stigma The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which they germinate Style A slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary and through which the pollen tube grows Ovary The enlarged basal portion of carpel or of a gynoecium composed of fused carpels a mature ovary sometimes with other adherent parts is a fruit Ovule A structure in seed plants containing the female gametophyte with egg cell all being surrounded by the nucellus and one or two integuments when mature an ovule becomes a seed Sepal One of the outermost flower structures a unit of the calyx sepals usually enclose the other flower parts in the bud Petal A flower part usually conspicuously colored one of the units of the corolla Receptacle The part of the axis of a flower stalk that bears the floral organs Locule A cavity within a sporangium or a cavity of the ovary in which ovules occur Pollen Sacs A cavity in the anther that contains the pollen grains Sporophyte The spore producing diploid 2n phase in a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations Gametophyte In plants that have an alternation of generations the haploid n gamete producing generation or phase Microsporocyte OR mircospore mother cell A cell in which meiosis will occur resulting in four microspores in seed plants often called a pollen mother cell Microspore In heterosporous plants a spore that develops into a male gametophyte Megasporocyte OR megaspore mother cell A diploid
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