Plants Study Guide Test 1 Lecture 1 Importance of Plants Produce most of the oxygen we breathe Produce most of the chemically stored energy we consume as food and burn for fuel Produce an assortment of useful compounds medicine herbs spices vanillin cinnamon vitamins A vegetables B cereals C fruits and vegetables Drinks caffeine coffee and tea Drugs cocaine and morphine Plants are totipotent totipotency the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism The more complex an organism is the less ability it has to regenerate Each plant cell can regenerate a whole organism Hooke s microscope English microscopist Robert Hooke first used the term cell to refer to the small chambers he saw in magnified slices of cork Plant Genetics and Breeding Mendel s studies of peas revealed the laws of inheritance Law of Segregation First Law When any individual produces gametes the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy A gamete will receive one allele or the other Law of Independent Assortment Second Law Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation Good genes can be combined and bad genes can be eliminated Norman Boraug Introduced new strains of wheat in Mexico Plant breeder crossed wheat and made hybrids Plant Genetics and Evolution McClintock studied maize corn and revealed the presence of transposable elements Transposable elements found in all living organisms from bacteria to humans They are mutagens and play role in evolution Plant Science The world keeps growing and growing An objective of plant science is to increase food production need to increase food production by 70 in 40 years Due to water scarcity and economic struggles plant growth is difficult Plant diseases also cause a problem Phytophthora infestans cause of potato late blight has re emerged as a threat Puccinia graminis tritici wheat stem rust fungus has developed into a highly aggressive form Humans affect plant growth and success Human life is disruptive of the plant community Ecology Balance between different species in a community Plant Biotechnology and Modern Agriculture Genetic modified crops Insect resistant cotton herbicide resistant soybean Industrial materials starch Vaccine Importance of studying plants To better harness the ability of plants to provide us with food medicines and energy To help conserve endangered plants and threatened environments To learn fundamental principles of biology Plant Cell Mitochondria chloroplasts endoplasmic reticulum nucleus ribosomes cell membrane golgi body Chloroplasts factory of photosynthesis Endosymbiosis first proposed by Dr Lynn Margulis 16S rRNA sequence comparison shows chloroplasts arose from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont Evidence for Endosymbiotic origin of Plastids 1 arise only by division of other plastids 2 contain DNA for making some of their own proteins 3 Plastid DNA is circular contains operons and is close in sequence to bacterial DNA Aqueous plants Land plants Vascular plants Seed plants Flowering plants Lecture 2 The length of the branches in a phylogeny represents the evolutionary distance between organisms Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Linneaus two major contributions to plant classification Invention of the binomial naming system laid the foundation for current biological classification systems classification of plants based on reproductive structures Binomial genus name description Electron microscope Chatton 1937 added new details of cell structure Kingdom Monera bacteria Plants Red algae prasinophyte algae land plants charaphyte algae chlorophyte algae glaucophyte algae Major groups of plants Green algae aq plants Liverworts land plants Mosses Club mosses vascular plants Ferns Cone bearing plants seed plants Grasses and broad leafed plants flowering plants Green algae gain of photosynthetic ability Water grown photosynthetic single cell or multicellular the origin of a chloroplast gametophyte is dominant Mosses and Liverworts From aq to land plants First land plants dehydration tolerant no water transport system limited growth Rhizoids but no root limited growth gametes are free swimming moist area Club mosses and ferns formation of the vascular tissue and root first appearance of vascular tissue have real roots plants can be tall gametes swim moist area Pine Trees Cycads Spruce Formation of seeds and pollen vascular tissue roots sporophyte gametes delivered in pollen by wind can grow in dry environment Embryo next generation form as seeds on mother plants Garden plants crop fruit trees Flowering plants vascular tissue roots dominant sporophyte and pollen gametes are distributed by pollen Flowers help pollen distribution by wind insects animals seeds are enclosed in fruits that provide protection and facilitate dispersal adapted to various growth conditions Three Domains of Life Eukaryotes Eubacteria Archaebacteria Four Kingdoms of Eukaryotes Plants Animals Fungi Protists Protista is an artificial taxon because it contains organisms that are more closely related to organisms in other kingdoms than to other members of Protista Plants all land plants mosses ferns conifers flowering plants Animals mammals humans arthropods cnidaria Protista Radiolaria Fungi mushrooms morels truffles Nucleic acid sequencing analyzing the sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA provided the first evidence that the living world is divided into three major groups or domains Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Nucleic acid helps to understand evolutionary relationships and study evolution in different lineages By analyzing nucleic acids new species have been found Lecture 3 Monocots Grasses Lillies Orchids Palms Dicots Sunflowers roses oaks mutards Angiosperms 2 major groups Monocots 1 cotyledon and Dicots 2 cotyledons Basic Flower Parts 1 Sepal 2 Petal 3 Stamen composed of a filament and anther 4 Carpel composed of ovary style stigma Flower parts come in whorls ring of leaves 1 Sepals calyx outermost whorl of the flower consists of the sepal the calyx encloses and protects the inner whorls in the bud stage the sepals contain chlorophyll and can synthesize food 2 Petals Corolla found on the inside of the calyx brightly colored corolla attracts agents of pollination and encloses and protects the stamens and pistil 3 Stamens made up of a filament and an anther male reproductive organ anther produces pollen grains that contain the male reproductive cells
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