BOT3015 EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDEObjectives for Lecture 16 – Fungi1. Be able to state the characteristics of fungi.a. Eukaryotic cells.b. Multicellular and filamentous (except yeasts)c. Have cell walls and wall contains chitind. Heterotrophic absorbers (not photosynthetic). e. No motile cellsf. Zygotic Meiosis 2. Know that fungi supply us with many important pharmaceuticals, including penicillin, which wasthe first widely used antibiotic.3. Know the terms: hyphae, mycelium, chitin, saprophyte, detritivore, parasitea. Hyphae – fungal filamentsb. Mycelium – a mass of hyphaec. Chitin - (polymer of N-acetylglucosamine), same material found in exoskeletons of arthropodsd. Detritivore – organisms which obtain nutrients from dead organic matter (synonymous to saprophyte)e. Parasite – relationship where one species benefits at the expense of the other4. Be able to name the three groups of fungi and state their differences particularly those having to do with sexual reproduction.a. Zygomycetes – form spores in zygosporangiumb. Ascomycetes – form spores in ascusc. Basidiomycetes – form spores on top of basidium5. Know the following terms: Zygomycetes – stolons, rhizoids, sporangia, gametangia, zygosporangium,, spores.a. Zygomycetesi. Stolons – hyphal runners between rhizoidsii. Rhizoids – root like hyphaeiii. Sporangia – sac holding sporesiv. Gametangia – (n) organs that produce gametes such as egg cells (archegonia) or sperm cells (antheridia)v. Zygosporangium – (2n) fertilized egg cellsvi. Spores – (n) sperm cells6. Ascomycetes, monokaryotic hyphae, conidia, ascogonium, antheridium, dikaryotic hyphae, ascocarp, ascus (plural asci), nuclear fusion, meiosis, ascospores a. Ascomycetesi. Important plant pathogensii. The yeast (unicellular) Saccharomyces is an Ascomycete (brewers yeast and bread yeast)iii. Spores formed in sexual reproduction form in an ascus b. Monokaryotic hyphae – (n) formed from asexual reproduction by spores (conidia)c. Conidia – External asexual reproduction by means of multi-nucleate spores (= conidia) produced on the ends of hyphae.d. Ascogonium – contains the “female” nuclei that undergo cell fusion with the “male” nucleie. Antheridium – Produce the “male” nucleif. Dikaryotic hyphae – (n+n) grow out of ascogonium and form ascocarpg. Ascocarp – the multicellular fruiting bodyh. Ascus – layer of cells in ascocarp where nuclei undergo fusion and meiosis to form ascosporesi. Nuclear Fusion – two nuclei fuse together(n+n)j. Meiosis – cell division during sexual reproductionk. Ascospores – (n) formed in ascus7. Basidiomycetes, monokaryotic hyphae, hyphal fusion, dikaryotic hyphae, basiocarp, basidium (plural basidia) nuclear fusion, meiosis, basidiospores a. Basidiomycetes – i. Important plant pathogens and decay organismsii. Most mushrooms are Basidiomycetesiii. Sexual reproduction by forming spores in a basidiumiv. Most have no asexual reproduction b. Monokaryotic hyphae – fuse at tips, dikaryotic hyphae grow out fruiting bodyc. Hyphal fusion – the monokaryotic hyphae fuse to start producing dikaryotic hyphaed. Dikaryotic hyphae – (n+n) formed from hyphal fusione. Basiocarp – (basidioma) the outer cap of the mushroom that holds the basidia underneathf. Basidium – (2n) stalk like cells under the basidiocarp, undergo meiosis until basidiospores form on surfaceg. Life cycle - Basidia -> nuclear fusion -> meiosis -> basidiospores released -> monokaryotic hyphae -> hyphal fusion -> young basidiomah. Basidiospores – (n) form on top of basidium, germinate and form monokaryotic hyphae8. Know that fungi are important plant pathogensa. Recycle carbon and nitrogen (decomposers)9. Know that yeasts are unicellular fungi, that most yeast are ascomycetes, in particular bakers yeast (brewers yeast) is an ascomycete10. Know that fungi (certain Zygomycetes and Basidiomycetes) form symbiotic associations with plant roots (mycorrhizae)a. 70-90% plants have mycorrhizaeb. Mycorrhizal fungi are Zygomycetes or Basidiomycetes. 11. Know that lichens are symbiotic associates between fungi (usually Ascomycetes) and a photosynthetic green alga or a Cyanobacterium.Objectives for Lecture 171. Understand the difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis and be able to state which of the algal groups we studied have chloroplasts that arose by primary or by secondary endosymbiosis.a. Primary endosymbiosis – first host absorbs cyanobacteria (chloroplast) for endosymbiosisi. Green alga/plantii. Red algab. Secondary endosymbiosis – second host absorbs first host containing cyanobacteriai. Diatomsii. Dinoflagellatesiii. Brown algaeiv. Cryptomonad2. Know what phytoplanktons are and what the biological and ecological importance is.a. Phytoplanktoni. Many algae are planktonicii. Tiny photosynthetic organisms suspended in the water column. iii. base of food chain in open oceansiv. produce about 30% of atmospheric O2v. Phytoplankton absorbs ca. half anthropogenic CO2 by producing CaCO33. Know what red tides are, what organisms cause them and what their environmental and health effects are.a. Red color in ocean caused by blooms of dinoflagellatesb. Produce neurotoxins that kill fish, paralyze people4. Be able to name the polysaccharides from the red and brown algae that are economically important as emulsifying agents (colloidal stabilizers) and thickening agents.a. Alginates – Used as thickening agents & colloid stabilizers in food, textile, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, paper, and welding industries.5. Understand the terms gametic meiosis, zygotic meiosis, alternation of generations, gametophyteand sporophyte.a. Gametic meiosis – i. Diploid zygote develops into diploid individualii. Individual produces diploid cells that undergo meiosis to form haploid gametesiii. Haploid gametes fuse during fertilization to form diploid zygoteiv. (animals, protists, algae)b. Zygotic meiosisi. Haploid individuals produce gametes that undergo fertilizationii. Produce zygote that undergoes meiosis to form spores, capable of developmentinto adults without fusion with another cellc. Alternation of generationsi. Gametophytes produce haploid gametes that fuse to form zygoteii. Develops into diploid sporophyte that produces sporeiii. Diploid spore undergoes meiosis to form haploid sporesiv. Spores develop into gametophytesd. Gametophyte – haploid, gamete producing generatione. Sporophyte – diploid, spore producing generation6. For each of
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