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Bryophytes (Topic 4)Learning ObjectivesPlant Biology (BOT 3015)Dr. Mast1. What ecological roles do bryophytes play? Why are they important to the global C cycle?a. “Bryophyte” = liverworts, hornworts, mosses.i. Paraphyletic with respect to vascular plants. b. Store large amounts of carbon- play significant role in global carbon cycle. c. Provide seed beds for the larger plants of the community, hold water, they capture and recycle nutrients that are washed with rainwater from the canopy, and they bind soil to keep it from eroding. d. Sphagnum: any of an order of atypical mosses that grow only in wet acid areas where their remains become compacted with other plant debris to form peati. When dried and compressed peat forms a coal- like fuel. 2. What distinguishes bryophytes and vascular plants from green algae? Why are the bryophytes and vascular plants called the Embryophytes? Recognize that “Embryophytes” and “plants” are terms that are used synonymously.a. Bryophyes and vascular plants share a number of characters that distinguishthem from the charophytes (green algae). i. The presence of a male and female gemetangia, called antheridia and archegonia, respectively, with a protective layer called a sterile jacket layer. ii. Retention of both the zygote and the developing multicellular embryo, or young sporophyte, within the archegonium or the female gametophyte.iii. The presence of a multicellular diploid sporophyte, which results in an increased number of meiosis and an amplification of the number of spores that can be produced following each fertilization event.iv. Multicellular sporangia consisting of a sterile jacket layer and internal spore- producing (sporogenous) tissue. v. Meiospores with walls containing sporopollenin, which resists decay and drying.vi. Tissue produced by an atypical meristem. Antheridia, archegonia, sterile jacket layer, matrotrophy, sporopollenin, embryo3. What distinguishes bryophytes from vascular plants?Vascular tissue4. How are the terms “bryophytes” and “Phylum Bryophyta” being used differently in the text? Are bryophytes monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?5. Describe the bryophyte body (both sporophytic and gametophytic stages; some terms listed under #6 will be useful to do so). How do the “leaves” and “stems” of bryophytes differ from the leaves and stems of vascular plants? Which pores in the bryophyte body are homologous to the stomata of vascular plants and which are analogous? Why is thebryophyte body typically thin?Sporophyte, gametophyte, thallus, rhizoids, surface pores, cuticle6. How do bryophytes reproduce? Explain the reproductive cycle of Marchantia and the moss (Fig. 16-28). Why are bryophytes frequently associated with water? Compare the structures that raise the capsule above the boundary layer (the stagnant air layer aroundany object) in hornworts, liverworts, and Sphagnum.Fragmentation, gemmae, flagella, antheridia, archegonia, sterile jacket, venter, matrotrophy, placenta, calyptra, foot, seta, capsule, sporangium, protonema, gametangiophores, antheridiophores, archegoniophores, elaters, gemma cups, androecium, perianth7. What differentiates the 3 phyla of bryophytes? What are the scientific and common names of each phylum?Marchantiophyta, Bryophyta, Anthocerotophyta8. What are the 3 classes of phylum Bryophyta, and how do they differ? Why are insectivorous plants common in sphagnum bogs? Recognize that “moss” as a common name is sometimes applied to groups outside phylum Bryophyta (e.g., “Spanish moss”).Class Sphagnidae, class Andreaeidae, class Bryidae, hadrom, hydroids, leptoids,leptom, peristome, pseudopodium, operculumSeedless Vascular Plants (Topic 5)Learning ObjectivesPlant Biology (BOT 3015)Dr. Mast1. What distinguishes vascular plants from bryophytes? Is the production of an embryo one of those distinguishing features? What effect does branching in the sporophyte have on spore production and on the ability to evolve heterospory? What role does lignin play in the larger sporophyte of vascular plants?Lignin.2. What distinguishes seedless vascular plants from seed plants? What is a seed? Do the seedless vascular plants represent a monophyletic group?Seed.3. Describe the organization of the vascular plant body and the function of the plant tissues. How does primary growth differ from secondary growth? What happens to the parts of the primary plant body (e.g., the epidermis) as secondary growth proceeds? Areall “leaves” of vascular plants homologous? How many times has secondary xylem arisen in the vascular plants?Root system, shoot system, dermal tissue system, epidermis, vascular tissue system, xylem, phloem, ground tissue system, cortex, mesophyll, apical meristem, primary growth, primary tissues, primary plant body, lateral meristem, secondary growth, vascular cambium, secondary vascular tissue, cork cambium, periderm, secondary plant body, tracheary elements, pith, stele, microphylls, megaphylls.4. Describe similarities and differences in the life cycles of seedless vascular plants. Befamiliar with the life cycles of Lycopodium, Selaginella, Polypodium, Psilotum, and Equisetum. Does homospory result in a unisexual or bisexual gametophyte? Howabout heterospory? How many times and in which groups has heterospory arisen in the Vascular Plants? Sporic meiosis, alternation of generations, homospory, heterospory, microspores,megaspores, microsporangia, megasporangia, microgametophyte, megagametophyte, microsporophylls, megasporophylls, sporophylls, archegonia,strobili, eusporangia, leptosporangia, tapetum, sori, indusia, prothallus, annulus, sporocarps, rhizome, sporangiophore, elaters.5. What are the two major clades in vascular plants and which extant vascular plants are in each (know common names and scientific names when given)? Lycophyte clade, euphyllophyte clade6. What are the three families that we discussed of phylum Lycopodiophyta? How do they differ?Lycopodiophyta, Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, Isoetaceae7. What are the major differences between the three (of four total) classes in phylum Monilophyta that we discussed? Be familiar with the scientific and common names of each. Which is the smallest class and which is the biggest? Be able to recognize the differences in the development of a leptosporangium and a eusporangium.Monilophyta, Psilotopsida, Polypodiopsida, Equisetopsida, leptosporangiate, eusporangiate, homosporous,


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FSU BOT 3015 - Bryophytes (Topic 4)

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