EXAM ONE - SUMMER 2013LECTURE ONE OBJECTIVES - INTRO TO PLANT BIOTERMS TO KNOW :TAXONOMY: identification, naming & classification of speciesTAXON: group of organismsBINOMIAL: 2 name system of organisms, genus & species SYSTEMATICS: study of biological diversity & its evolutionary history PHYLOGENY: evolutionary relationships among organismsPROKARYOTE: organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleusEUKARYOTE: organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranesARCHAEBACTERIA: prokaryotes lacking peptidoglycan in cell wallsEUBACTERIA: prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell wallsEUKARYA(EUKARYOTES): all multicellular organismsMONERA: 4th kingdom that later lead to 2 separate kingdoms - Eubacteria & ArchaebacteriaPROTISTA: artificial taxon, containing organisms that are more closely related to organisms in other kingdoms than to other members in this groupANIMAL KINGDOM: organisms that lack cell walls & obtain energy by first ingesting other organisms & then digesting them internallyPLANT KINGDOM: organisms that have cell walls of cellulose & obtain energy byphotosynthesisFUNGI: cell walls of chitin & obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes & thenabsorbing the products they release from the external environmentENDOSYMBIOSIS: hypothesis of eukarya engulfing bacteria to get the two organelles-mitochondria & chloroplast TAXONOMIC LEVELSKingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - SpeciesKing - Plays - Chess - On - Fine - Glass - StoolsLINNEAUS' TWO MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLANT CLASSIFICATIONBINOMIAL SYSTEM : reduce the naming system from polynomial --> binomialCLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BASED ON REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESBASIC CONCEPT OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS HYPOTHESISMITOCHONDRIA : occured in all animal organisms, α-proteobacteria were engulfed to produce mitochondriaCHLOROPLASTS: occured later in all plant organisms, cyanobacteria were engulfed to produce chloroplasts3 DOMAINS OF LIFE:BACTERIAARCHAEAEUKARYAEUKARYKA BREAKS DOWN INTO 4 KINGDOMS:PROTISTS: all unicellular eukaryotes except yeast, & multicellular algaeFUNGI: yeast, mushrooms, molds, rustsANIMALS:PLANTS: non vascular plants, vascular plants w/ spores, vascular plants w/ seedsLECTURE TWO OBJECTIVES - ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTIONTERMS TO KNOW:ANTHOPHYTA: comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary,largest, most diverse & youngest plant groupMONOCOTS: monocotyledonous flowering plant; stem grows by deposits on its insideDICOTS: flowering plant w/ 2 cotyledons; stem grows by deposit on its outsideSTAMEN: male fertilizing organ of a flower, consists of anther & filamentANTHER: part of a stamen that contains the pollenFILAMENT: stalk of the stamen supporting the antherPISTIL: female organs of a flower, consists of the stigma, style & ovarySTIGMA: region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grainsSTYLE: slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary & through which the pollen tube growsOVARY: enlarged basal portion of a carpel that contains the ovulesOVULE: embryo sac w/ egg surrounded by nucellus & 2 integumentsSEPAL: each of the parts of the calyx enclosing the petals & typically green & leaflikePETAL: each of the segments of the corolla, modified leaves & typically colored,attracts pollinatorsRECEPTACLE: axis/stem to which the floral organs are attached POLLEN SACS: microsporangium of a seed plant where pollen is producedZYGOTIC MEIOSIS: 2 haploid individuals undergo fertilization to form a diploid zygote,zygote undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid cells (haploid --> diploid)GAMETIC MEIOSIS: 2 gametes undergo fertilization to form a diploid zygote,zygote grows to diploid individual & undergoes meiosis for 4 gametes(diploid --> haploid)SPORIC MEIOSIS(ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS): haploid spores grow into gametophytes, after fertilization form a zygote forms into sporophyte,this cell undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid sporesSPOROPHYTE: multicellular diploid organism that produces spores by meiosisGAMETOPHYTE: multicellular organism that produces gametes by mitosisMICROSPOROCYTE: 2N, in the pollen sacsMICROSPORE: N, tetrads formed by meiosisMEGASPOROCYTE: 2N, in ovuleMEGASPORE: N, formed by meiosis- 4 are made & 3 degenerate, expands & undergoes3 rounds of mitosis to produce 8 haploid nuceliMEGAGAMETOPHYTE: female gametophyte/embryo sac, consists of 7 cells but 8 nucleiMICROGAMETOPHYTE: growing pollen tube, consists of tube nucleus & 2 sperm cellsINTEGUMENTS: tough outer protective layer of the ovuleMICROPYLE: small opening in the surface of an ovule, where the pollen tube penetratesEGG CELL: central cell on the bottom of the ovule at the micropyle, becomes the embryowhen fertilized by one of the sperm cellsANTIPODAL CELLS: 3 cells opposite the integuments in the ovule, form cell walls & will serve no future useSYNERGIDS: 2 cells next to the egg cell on the bottom of the ovule near micropyle,1 will be punctured by the pollen tube to release the sperm cellsPOLAR NUCLEI: 2 haploid nuclei in the embryo sac, fuse w/ pollen nucleus to form triploid endospermSPERM CELLS: generative cell that splits into 2 cells by mitosis when it lands on the stigma, travels behind the tube cell into the ovaryTUBE CELL: inside the pollen grain, forms a long structure to travel down the style & into the ovary leading the sperm cells insideDOUBLE FERTILIZATION: unique to angiosperms, where there are two sperm cells - one fertilizes the egg cell to make the zygote & one fuses with the polar nuclei to make the endospermENDOSPERM: triploid, 3n, fusion of a sperm cell & the polar nuclei, grow to become thetissue surrounding the embryo to provide nourishment PARTS OF A STANDARD FLOWER & ARRANGEMENT PEDUNCLE: at the bottom/ baseRECEPTACLE: next segment going up out of the peduncleSEPAL: comes out of the receptaclePETAL: numerous, come out of the receptablePISTIL: OVARY: on top of the receptableOVULE: within the ovarySTYLE: long tube above the ovarySTIGMA: at the end of the styleSTAMEN:FILAMENT: thin tube out of the receptableANTHER: at the end of the filament3 BASIC LIFE CYCLES:ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS(fungi): organism is haploid in its growth phaseGAMETIC MEIOSIS(animals): organism is diploid in its growth phaseSPORIC MEIOSIS/ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS(green plants): organism has multicellular growth in both the haploid & diploid phasesAFTER FERTILIZATION:OVULE --> SEEDINTEGUMENTS --> SEED COATLECTURE THREE OBJECTIVES - ANGIOSPERM EVOLUTION & POLLINATIONTERMS TO KNOW:INFLORESCENCE:
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