For the following terms concepts be able to identify the key figures and events as well as place it within the larger context of the class Test 3 Review The legacy of World War I o League of Nations composed of 128 nations that wanted to keep world safe and stop another world war united states did not join not successful in stopping WW2 created treaties to prevent warfare and nuclear weapons treaties were broken o Great Depression worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s up until the 40s Japanese biological experimentation programs o Unit 731 composed of 20 000 scientists experiments to see how much a human body can take such as how much blood can be drained from person before death live dissection of person after injected with disease how much radiation does it take to kill a person give person horse blood to see if that can be used as donation cut off hands and put them back on opposite arms o Shiro Ishii o After the war created unit 731 league of nations treaties inspired him to create weapons because it was what everyone feared almost all scientists were pardoned by USA Douglas McArthur in exchange for the results of all experiments this prevented the soviets from getting experiment results German biological experimentation programs o Different types and motivations for experiments survival experiments done to better understand conditions for soldiers froze people and took them in high altitudes medicine experiments to better understand conditions for soldiers gave people diseases and dissected them while alive to understand disease poison gas sterilize people bone grafting experiments radical experiments done to try and better German Race o Josef Mengele eugenics sterilization performed radical experiments very interested in genetics o After the war study of twins injected dye into eyes to try and change color Mengele s work was burned Scientists of camps were put on trials Nuremburg trials Mengele was never caught Started scientific ethics The impact of technology on World War II o Planes tanks radar Radar was proposed by the French at end of WW1 for detecting submarines by reflecting sound waves off of them underwater F A Lindemann incorrectly predicted that radar would end the submarine as a weapon British and French introduced radar for use of aircraft detecting after WW2 started o Penicillin Alexander Fleming discovered by accident o DDT Saved millions of lives Discovered in 1874 not used until 1930s Saved millions of lives The invention of the atomic bomb o James Chadwick Discovered the neutron o Leo Szilard Came up with the idea that the neutron can be shot into nucleus and break apart atom Patented the atomic bomb idea o Enrico Fermi Uranium problem Discovered nuclear fission was answer o Pre war Interaction between scientists and governments Szilard and Einstein wrote a letter on October 11 1939 to president of USA proposing they start nuclear program o Heisenberg and Bohr conversation Heisenberg asks the ethical question of whether they should create the atomic bomb just because we can doesn t mean we should Bohr said why not its there The Manhattan Project o Leslie Groves not a scientists more of an organizer made a General so people would respect him o Oppenheimer Fantastic manager of people Physicist Groves recruited him Military industrial academic complex Recruited over 20 Nobel prize winning scientists o Los Alamos Made into scientific town for scientists to live with families while atomic bomb was built Families were to be kept out of the loop o British German and Russian nuclear programs Germany did not create a bomb Heisenberg was in charge of the program and told Hitler it couldn t be done Germany put most of their effort into building missiles Germany had lack of resources British S 1 program Russia Tzar Bomba o Ethical issues surrounding the creation and use of the atomic bomb The Day After Trinity killed so many people o Movie about Oppenheimer and the Manhattan project o His security clearance revoked because he was thought to be part of the communist o Movie talked about Los Alamos being thriving city o After the bomb was tested a blind woman was said to have seen the beautiful colors party in the sky o Films title comes from interview with Oppenheimer at end of movie when he is asked his opinion of President Johnson s urge to stop the spread of nuclear weapons Oppenheimer responds its 20 years to late it should have been done the day after trinity The impact of World War II on science and the government o Theoretical science acquired a new degree of involvement with industry the military o Line between pure science and applied science became increasingly blurred o More funding was given to scientists o The use of planes radar and other technological weapons showed the world that science was important The discovery of DNA o Mendel to Miescher to Griffith to Morgan and Drosophila to Chargraff to Pauling Mendel crossbred different varieties of peas said characteristic that reoccurred in 3 1 ration was dominant showed recessive and dominant characteristics existed Miescher protein and nuclein Griffith transforming principle T H Morgan Drosophilla project fruit fly had larger chromosomes so easier to study showed that the chromosome was somehow coded to produce a corresponding characteristic in the developing organism Was able to produce maps of where each gene was located on the chromosome Chargaff base pairing AT CG the proportions of adenine and thiamine are the same as are those of guanine and cytosine Pauling discovered DNA was a helical molecule but said it was a triple helix o Relationship between biology and physics after World War II The discovery of the structure of DNA o X Ray Crystallography Pictures taken of DNA o Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin Their x ray crystallography images of DNA suggested it was a spiral o James Watson and Francis Crick Gathered up everyone else s experiments and data on DNA and came up with The Cold War double helix model o Russian politics and science Biological sciences and Lysenkoism Nuclear science Space o US politics and science McCarthyism Edward Teller if you practice communism your children will inherit it as well and eventually everyone will become communists Lysenkoism was the centralized political control exercised over genetics and agriculture by Trofim Lysenko and his followers o New form of Lamarckism supported by Stalin Spies first lightning hydrogen bomb Tsar Bomba 1961 Scientists held the