ANT2416 01 Childhood Around the World Final Exam o Mastication chew food Mammals have teeth for chewing food Mammals have 4 different kinds of Primates teeth Review Childhood one stage in a sequence of stages that occur over the lifespan of all humans Children and Anthropology o A child is a version of human so children are appropriate objects of study by anthropologists Anthropology o Anthropos human logos study of o The holistic study of humans Are humans the only species to experience childhood o For many species dramatic changes in structure and behavior can occur over the lifetime of the individual o Sometimes the change is very dramatic o Species vary in the number and duration of life stages o Childhood a stage in the life cycle of the human species o Refers only to humans Child is different from an adult o Appearance o Speech voice quality o Behavior as body movement o Cognition Are movements utilitarian or wasteful Focus and concentration paying attention Class consciousness Relationships Education planning Professional aspirations Concepts of happiness Human Homo sapiens o Class Mammals o Order Primates o Superfamily Hominoidea Species traits Stage traits Mammals o Shared with other organisms o Traits unique to each species o Homeothermy fur o Reproduction Internal gestation Lactation Extended parental care Emotional bond Play behavior o Internal gestation o Lactation o Extended parental care o Emotional bond o Play behavior Hominoid Hominoids vs all other species o Habitual striding bipedalism o Emphasize vision not smell o Touch manipulation with eye hand coordination o Large brains o Slow maturation long life o Eye hand coordination Use visually guided reaching to feed Grasping hands feet with nails tactile pads with touch receptors and friction ridges o Forearms are adapted for suspension and have a versatile range of motion Long muscular arms and fully extendable elbow Rotator shoulder joint allows 360 rotation of the arm and 180 rotation of forearm Extended motion in wrist Chimps can walk on two feet but are not built to be efficient at bipedalism Frees the hands from locomotor duties Human hands are not used for locomotion humans are bipedal Human hands have a long opposable thumb and movement versatility that exceeds that of any other primate Homo faber the tooluser and toolmaker humans have the most versatile hands of all primates o Handpower Versatility of hand use human hands are especially good for holding objects o Vocalization Unlearned Limbic system Here now Closed system Speech vs Learned Cerebral cortex Displacement Open system Referencing Speech language Language Learned arbitrary Cerebral cortex dependent Open system o Duality of patterning o Grammar o Quantity quality of information humans Bogin s 7 stages Infancy transfer with language is enormous Words are symbols they shape what we experience and provide us with thinking tools o Cultural dependence Behavior capabilities and habits Extragenetic Learned acquired by man Shared by a group as a member of society Intergenerational passed from one generation to the next much during childhood Cumulative Cultural Evolution additive and revisionist Life history compare the life history profiles of different species to better understand each species Growth development conceptual tools important in life history stages o Growth proportionate changes in size o Development increasing complexity progress toward maturity Krogman 1972 Human Maturation o Change in size proportions physiology behavior brain structure etc o Distance curve shows pattern of size change o Stage found in only in mammals o Begins with birth ceases when nursing ceases o When it ends depends on the species rodents become adults primates become juveniles o Cant survive death of caretaker feeding dependence o Infant stage of other primates subdivided into infant child stage of humans Juvenile o Can survive death of caretaker or loss of parental provisions but not yet matured sexually o Feeding independence Child Barry Bogin 3 7 years old o Only humans have a childhood stage o No longer nursing not an infant o Immature dentition small digestive tract needs special food o Rapid brain growth needs lots of food o Motor cognitive social deficits needs protection o As food dependent as a primate infant but receiving special provisions not mother s milk Milestones of Bogin s childhood o Food dependence Bogin s Juvenile Apes v Humans Interbirth o Body growth is steady not the rapid deceleration of infancy o Brain growth continues at a rapid rate then stops usually by 7 o Locomotion acquiring adult gait with adult efficiency 9 months 13 months 36 months o End of childhood Eruption of first permanent molar marks chewing power o Adrenarche Mid growth spurt marks the end of childhood Chimpanzees do not have adrenarche or adolescent growth spurt o 7 12 years old o Deciduous dentition 1st permanent dentition o Body growth is steady but at a slower rate after at 6 6 years mid growth spurt o Brain growth completed o First permanent molar at 6 7 years second permanent molar at 11 12 years o Survival without adults is possible o Apes mature slowly live long invest heavily in a few expensive offspring who take a long time to grow up Apes are barely able to replace their numbers every year o Humans mature even slower than apes they live even longer they have slower life history o Humans take longer to reach maturity yet the interbirth intervals are shorter o Humans have multiple immature offspring dependent on parental care and feeding simultaneously o An adult female who is not lactating can get pregnant lactation is a contraception in forager cultures o Increase the rate of reproduction o Childhood stage freed human reproduction from the constraints which plague closely related apes o Arnold Gesell founded the Clinic of Child Development at Yale University in 1911 o Trends in motor ability 3 7 years old o Increase in strength more muscle more bone less fat control precision coordination o Locomotion Balance pivot stop quickly New gaits hop skip gallop why age specific gaits Upper body throwing catching what about climbing Gesell Developmental Schedules Play Hands individual finger control holding a writing marking instrument where did this ability come from o Short sequences fragments of motor patterns seen in other contexts o Repetitious o Reordering o Exaggeration uneconomical o Rapid alterations of behavior o No obvious immediate benefit o