BSC2011L Final Exam Review Unit 1 1 Science the investigation of rational concepts that can be tested using observation and experimentation it advances by disproving incorrect hypotheses 2 Hypothesis proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested 3 Null hypothesis hypothesis that is under consideration to be disproved rejected or nullified opposite of the alternative hypothesis 4 Bias assumption that a theory is true or false without evidence one way or another or the attempt to dismiss or discourage research efforts to confirm or deny the theory 5 Random error caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the experiment Although the experimenter do the same experiment in the same way using the same equipment and if he cannot get the same result same number if it is a measurement then it is due to random error This may be in the equipment or due to the environmental conditions Systematic error are predictable and this error will be there for all the readings taken They are reproducible errors and are always in the same direction For an experiment systematic errors will be persistent throughout the experiment For example systematic error may be caused due to an imperfect calibration of an instrument 6 Reducing error isn t complicated Use common sense 7 Parts of a dissection scope http microscopes mywisdombase com Articles The Different Parts Of A Dissecting Microscope php 8 How dissection and compound microscopes differ The resolution of the dissecting microscope is much lower than that of the compound so the dissecting microscope is used for the study of solid materials and dissections while the compound can be used for smaller more minute things such as bacteria cells etc 9 Independent variable represents the input or causes of an experiment Dependent variable represents the output or effect of an experiment changes as independent variables manipulate them during experiment 10 Model organism a non human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena i e fruit flies are model organisms for the study of human genetics Unit 2 1 Difference between homologous and analogous structures homologous structures that share a common evolutionary origin ancestor analogous structures that serve a similar purpose function but they do not share a common ancestor 2 Allometric scaling deviates from isometry as body size increases proportions of the organism change and alter i e humans from birth to adults Isometric scaling proportional relationships are preserved as size changes during growth or over evolutionary time 3 Ontogenetic growth growth of an individual organism from embryo to adult 4 Difference between growth and development growth an increase in the size of an object or a living being development an improvement in the level of functioning 5 Model organism that is used to study human genetics Drosophila aka fruit fly Why they are used They have a short life span and reproduction rate a generation of these flies can be studied in 2 weeks In addition females lay a multitude of eggs at one time making it easy to see and study them 6 Dominant allele A single copy of gene is enough to express its character Usually denoted by capital letter i e Tall in pea plant T TT and Tt both are tall Recessive allele Two copies of the gene is necessary to express its character Denoted by small letter eg Dwarf short in pea plant Only tt is short 7 Autosomal genes genes located on any of the 22 pairs of chromosomes that ARE NOT the sex chromosomes Sex linked genes genes located on either the X or Y chromosome Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes XX in females and XY in males 8 https www youtube com watch v prkHKjfUmMs How to Draw a Punnett Square 9 https www youtube com watch v HwD7ekD5l0g how to find the p value from a chi square table https www youtube com watch v EA4P1eRdEhA How to Read a Chi Square Critical Value Table Unit 3 1 Processes of Evolution Gene flow transfer of alleles from one population to another via immigration of individuals Genetic Drift change in the frequency of an allele in a population due to random sampling Mutation change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism resulting from damage to the DNA RNA caused by radiation chemicals error in replication process or insertion deletion of DNA segments Natural Selection gradual process of biological traits becoming more or less common due to the effect of these inherited traits on the reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment 2 Phylogeny study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms discovered via molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrixes 3 Basic terms for Phylogenies Node represents a common ancestor taxon for a group of taxa Sister Taxa Taxa that are derived from a common ancestor node two descendents split from the same node Outgroup Taxa that is hypothesized to be the least closely related to the other taxa considering they are even related Root represents the common ancestor for all taxa on the tree Branch represent evolutionary lineages changing over time Common Ancestor ancestors that are shared with other lineages 4 How to read a phylogenic tree http evolution berkeley edu evolibrary article phylogenetics 02 5 Convergent evolution describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but that were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups Unit 4 1 Ecology study of interactions among organisms and their environment 2 Common biotic interactions Animals eat plants other larger animals eat smaller ones or east plants etc As for the bean beetle and mung beetle various insects that are hosts for the bean beetle actually attack mung beans and beetles therefore this displays a biotic interaction between the two Common abiotic interactions Sun temperature water soil gasses etc Ex plants use abiotic factors such as sunlight and water as food 3 Difference between holometabolous and hemimetabolous insect life cycles Holo complete metabolism Development has 4 stages embryo egg larva pupa and imago adult All beetles have this life cycle Hemi incomplete metabolism Development has 3 stages lacks the pupa stage egg nymph imago 4 Key aspects of beetle biology ecology Begins when females firmly attach individual eggs to host seeds and within 5 days the larva hatches and burrows into
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