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I Compound Microscope a Parts The Microscope i Oculars eyepieces ii Objectives lenses iii iv Stage holds specimen and has a hole for light to go through v Diaphragm controls amount of light passing through it is just Illuminator provides light below the stage vi Coarse knob used to obtain approximate focus vii Fine focus knob used to obtain exact clear focus viii Arm where the knobs are found ix Nosepiece holds the objectives x Tube holds the oculars xi Base the bottom big part of the entire microscope xii Slide clip holds the slide in place xiii Slide manipulator adjusts the position of the slide under the i 10x because of the ocular multiplied by the magnification of the nosepiece b Magnification objective Dissection Microscope II c Both microscopes use light d This one is for larger not see through objects e Single very large objective lens and 2 oculars f Only a coarse adjustment knob g Magnification i Just read the magnification on the right of the oculars The Protozoa I Classification a Phylum Ciliophora i Cilia arise from kinetosomes which are basal bodies These are arranged in kineties or rows that are extending beneath the pellicle Infraciliature are the longitudinal fibers that interconnect the kineties ii iii Macronucleus controls all vegetative functions iv Micronucleus regulates the reproductive activities of the cell v Adoral zone membranelles AZM facilitate feeding vi Trichocysts fired from below the pellicle used for prey capture or attachment Examples Looked at 1 Paramecium a Two modes of reproduction i Conjugation sexual reproduction looks like they are next to each other ii Binary Fission asexual looks like they are on top of each other Note Didinium feeds on paramecium is a barrel shaped ciliate with two circular rows of cilia b Phylum Sarcodina Amebas i Pseudopodia false feet ii Cytoplasm endoplasm consists of plasmogel and plasmoasol and ectoplasm iii Many secrete shells or tests iv Many are parasitic v Contractile vacuole maintains osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm by expelling the water that is constantly diffusing into the more concentrated cytoplasm vi Phagoctyosis engulfing solid particles or small protozoans vii Pinocytosis cell drinking c Phylum Euglenozoa i Divided into phytoflagellates and zooflagellates 1 Phytoflagellates by the possession of the chloroplast stores food as starch paramylum 2 Zooflagellates lack of chloroplasts store food as glycogen ii Euglenoid movement squeezing iii Stigma orange red eyespot that is a mass of pigment granules that shades a photoreceptor Looked at 1 Volvox 2 Euglena d Phylum Apicomplexa Sporozoa i Parasites ii Plasmodium agent of malaria that infects the host e Phylum Atostylata i Symbiotic inhabitants of the midguts of termites ii These flagellates produce cellulase to digest the cellulose in wood II Unicellular III Feeding In fresh water and salt water a b Each cell is an individual organism c Complexity through organelles a Filter feeding heterotrophs feed by absorbing nutrients phagocytosis or cellular mouth b Chloroplasts autotrophs makes own food from the sun and photosynthesis for chloroplasts IV Digestion a Intracellular i Phagocytosis ii Pinocytosis V VI Excretory a Diffusion Osmoregulation a Contractile vacuoles VII Circulation a Diffusion b Cytoplasmic streaming VIII Skeleton IX Reproduction a Asexual a Microtubules b Membranes c Compound Pellicle d Tests b Sexual i Binary fission ii Budding i Conjugation ii Syngamy X Movements a Cilia b Flagella c Pseudopodia XI a Mostly asymmetrical NO EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT I 3 major body types a Asconoid Porifera i simplest form ii pores to spongocoel choanocytes here to the osculum iii Buds iv Water flow 1 Ostium spongocoel flagellated osculum b Syconoid i radial canals choanocytes here ii water flow 1 ostia incurrent canal prosopyle radial canal apopyle spongocoel osculum c Leuconoid i most complex ii iii Water flow flagellated chambers choanocytes here 1 ostia incurrent canal prosoplye radial canal apopyle spongocoel osculum II Organization a Cellular b Three body plans Symmetry a Asymmetrical Body wall composed of 3 things III IV V Skeleton and Support a Epidermis with incurrent pores b Mesohyl contains spicules and amoebocytes c Inner layer of choanocytes a Spicules geometric crystal structures b Spongin collagen like protein highly elastic c Mesohyl acellular gelatinous protein matrix VI Feeding a Filter feeders b Diffusion high concentration to low concentration c Suspension feeders motion of choanocytes move water collar of microvilli little hairs that collect food particles a Intracellular moves through body by amoebocytes totipotent VII Digestion VIII Reproduction a Sexual b Asexual i Dioecious eggs and sperm produced in separate individuals ii monoecious eggs and sperm produced in one individual produce one or the other at different times in sponges i Budding ii Fragmentation iii Regeneration iv Gemmule formation cyst like body that can withstand freezing and desiccation Only freshwater forms i Spicules of calcium carbonate small vase shaped exhibit all 3 i Spicules of silica form a glasslike lattice leuconoid canal systems i Most sponges leuconoid canal systems highly variable in shape IX Classification a Class Calcarea canal systems b Class Hexactinellida c Class Demospongiae bath sponges X XI Respiration a Diffusion Circulation a Diffusion XII Excretory Osmoregulation a Diffusion XIII Types of cells a Choanocytes flagellated collar cells i Create water current in sponge ii Drop food and begin digestion iii Become sperm b Pinacocytes outer layer for shape c Porocytes form cellular openings prosophyle d Amoebocytes complete digestion totipotent become eggs carry nutrients and waste around the sponge Water pump rate is proportional to the number of choanocytes Volume increases at a faster rate than surface area NO EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT I Classification a Class Hydrozoa Cnidaria i Polymorphic polyp and medusa stages in life cycle ii Gastrozooids for digestion have tentacles to capture prey iii Gonozooids for reproduction produce the sexual medusae 1 Both show dimorphism iv Planula a resulting larva from the medusae v Physalia Portuguese Man O War 1 Polymorphic 2 Colony with gastrozooids digestion dactylozooids defense gonozooids reproduction and pneumatophore flotation vi Polyp form is dominant but a medusa stage exists b Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish i ii Medusoid stage is dominant but polyp stage exists iii Reproduction development 1 Planula scyphistoma


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FSU BSC 2011L - The Microscope

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