CLADE PHYLUM COMMON NAME HABITATParazoaNA NA Porifera Sponges (pore bearers) Mostly marine; coloniesEumetazoaNA NA CnidariaHydroids, Jellyfish, Anenomes, Corals - (bearing stingers)Mostly marineEumetazoaNA NA Ctenophora Comb Jellies Mostly marineEumetazoaProtostome Lophotrochozoans Platyhelminthes Flateworms Marine, Freshwater, TerrestrialEumetazoaProtostome Lophotrochozoans Nemertina Ribbon worms Mostly marine bottom dwellersEumetazoaProtostome Ecdysozoa Nematoda Roundworms Terrestrial & Aquatic (free-living); Plants & Animals (parasites)EumetazoaProtostome Lophotrochozoans Rotifera NAMostly freshwater but few marine, terrestrial, epizoic, or parasitic (on molluscs, earthworms, protozoa) EumetazoaProtostome Lophotrochozoans Ectopracta (Bryazoa) Moss animalsMarine & Freshwater - Colonial ( of many zooids) Freshwater bryozoans are not polymorphic ( all are of one type; they each have feeding and reproductive functions, unlike the Cnidarian Hydra)EumetazoaProtostome Ecdysozoa AnnelidaSegmented worms -- earthworms, leechesMarine, Terrestrial, EndoparasiticEumetazoaProtostome Ecdysozoa Arthropoda I Jointed Foot animals -- Found everywhere (deep-sea to mountain tops)ORGANIZATION SYMMETRY BODY TYPES COELOMCellular Level (no true tissue)Asymmetrical Asconoid, Syconoid, Leaconoid NATissue Level (2 germ layers: diploblastic)RadialPolyp, Medusa (ability to alternate)NATissue Level (2 germ layers: diploblastic)Radial Medusa NAOrgan Level (3 germ layers: triploblastic)Bilateral Generally small & flattened AcoelomateOrgan Level (triploblastic) Bilateral Flattened/unsegmentedAcoelomate -- the rhynocoel is lined with mesodermal tissuw, but doesn’t surround the gut & is therefore not functionally equivalent to a coelom or pseudocoelom. Therefore, the nemertine body construction, like flatworms, is acoelomateOrgan Level BilateralSmall in size; Unsegmented (tube w/in a tube body plan)PsuedocoelomateOrgan Level Bilateral"Wheel" animals: ciliated corona beats like a rotating wheel -- 3 body sections (head, trunk, foot) PsuedocoelomateOrgan Level BilateralFreshwater bryozoans are not polymorphic ( all are of one type; they each have feeding and reproductive functions, unlike the Cnidarian Hydra)EucoelomateOrgan Level Bilateral Segmented (metameres) EucoelomateOrgan Level BilateralVarious types (but all have exoskeleton)EucoelomateEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT SKELETON/SUPPORT MOVEMENT/LOCOMOTIONcells removed from cells can regenerate & after egg and sperm are produced and fertilized the stomoblastula inverts then becomes a amphiblastula (free swimming) then it attaches to a substrate to form a new colony2 skeleton components: spicules and structural protien matrix made of collagen/spongin (in the mesohyl)None - Sessile (attached to a substrate)Gastrulation ends at 2 germ layers and w/ an inconplete gut aka GVC Hydrostatic skeleton (fluid filled GVC) & mesoglea Slow swimming (circular/longitudinal muscles) or sessileGastrulation ends at 2 germ layers and w/ an inconplete gut aka GVC Hydrostatic skeleton (fluid filled GVC) & mesoglea Most are free swimming w/ rows of beating fused ciliaSpiral cleavage Hydrostatic skeleton, outer circular & inner longitudinal musclesHydrostatic skeleton, outer circular & inner longitudinal muscles act antagonistically -- (Forward movement)Spiral cleavage Hydrostatic skeleton, outer circular & inner longitudinal musclesForward movement -- also have ciliated epidermal cells & gland cells (glide on mucus); also have longitudinal & circular muscles -- like flatworms, they move by gliding over the substrate on a trail of slime using cilia and muscular contractionsSpiral cleavageThick cuticle (to protect from digestive enzymes of host ie bile) & hydrostatic skeleton --- moltingONLY Longitudinal musclesSpiral cleavage Cuticle & Hydrostatic skeleton Circular & Longitudinal muscles (sessile)Radial cleavage (BUT determinate!?!?! Therefore protostome)Epidermis secretes a gelatinous, chitinous or caclium stiffened "exoskeleton" of many "chambers", each called a zoecium [Cuticle > Zooecium (marine: chitinous & freshwater:gelatinous)] also an inner hydrostatic skeletonCircular & Longitudinal muscles (sessile)Spiral cleavage -- Development is either DIRECT (young adult emerges) or INDIRECT (w/ ciliated trochophore larval stage)Coelom's role for transporting nutrients is now diminished it NOW acts as just a hydrostatic skeleton -- marine polychaetes have acicula (skeletal support & muslce attachment)Circular & Longitudinal muscles in body wall allow metameres to move independently , resulting in more complex & variable forms of locomotion -- marine polychaetes have parapodia paddle like appendages w/ setae (setae are chitinous bristles also on earthworms for anchoring and burrowing but not leeches) Spiral cleavage; Most exhibit metamorphosis:a series of distinct post-embryonic changes in body form (eg larva to adult)Hard outer exoskeleton: hard, chitinous cuticle that periodically molts (NO hydrostatic skeleton) Jointed appendages moved by antagonistic muscle pairs analogous to the vertebrate systemSENORY/NERVOUS DIGESTION/FEEDING EXCRETORY/OSMOREGULATIONNo specialized structuresFilter feeders w/ intracellular digestion (choanocytes have a "collar" of microvilli that trap food particles from flowing water that get engulfed by the cell & passes on to other cells > amoebocytes;which can become sperm)No specialized structure; simple diffusion w/ environment - waterNerve net: rhopalia, statocysts, ocelli in scyphozoan medusaeExtra & intracellular digestion (mouth>GVC) -- mostly carnivorous & capture prey w/ tentacles (nematocysts: a stinging cnidum)DiffusionNerve netSimilar to Cnidarians but no nematocysts but they have cells called a colloblasts to capter prey into the pharynx > GVC …DiffusionConcentration of sense organ in the anterioir end (Cephalization) -- "Nerve net": simple ladder like nervous system w/ anterior "brain" (paired ganglia)Incomplete Gut [single opening] mouth (mid-ventral)> pharynx > simple intestine; Partial extracellular digestion, then phagocytosis & intracellular digestion (Tapeworms -- no digestive system/ NO GUT)Protonephridia (flame cells): regulate water balance Diffusion: metabolic (nitrogen) wastes Also have lateral & tranverse nerve cords, paired "crebral" gangliaComplete digestive tract (mouth & anus) a 1st!!! Also have a long, eversible proboscis (muscular tube; not found in flatworms ) w/ a poison-tipped stylet for capturing prey
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