Exam 1 Study guide Includes All Lecture Objective Questions Lecture 1 I Definitions 1 Prokaryote Bacteria or archaeabacteria made of simples cells that lack a nuclear envelope and do not have genetic material organized into complex chromosomes 2 Eukaryote Animals plants and some prototists made of cells with nuclear envelopes complex chromosomes and organelles such as mitochondria sites of respiration and chloroplasts sites of photosynthesis surrounded by membranes 3 Endosymbiosis When an organism lives within a dissimilar organism without harming it II Importance of plants 1 As food source 2 Produce Oxygen 3 Produce compounds a Medicine herbs b Spices Vanillin cinnamon c Vitamins A veg B cereals C fruits and veg d Drinks caffeine coffee tea e Drugs cocaine morphine 4 Totipotent Each plant can regenerate a whole organism because plant stem cells are long lived III Plant Contributions to society 1 Hooke s microscope and cell concept 2 Mendel s Laws of segregation and independent assortment 3 McClintock maize studies revealed transposable elements 4 Borlaug green revolution and agriculture a Mutagens found in all organisms and have role in evolution IV Endosymbiosis Hypothesis explains origin of chloroplasts mitochondria 1 Serial endosymbiosis The process by which eukaryotic cells originated a Events did not occur simultaneously mitochondria definitely appeared b Primitive prokaryotic cell evolved to phagocyte a cell that can engulf before chloroplasts large particles like bacteria V Scope of Plant Biology i Origin of Chloroplasts Cyanobacteria was engulfed by phagocyte 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Anatomy and devl t bio 3 Physiology and biochemistry 4 Plant genetics 5 Pathology 6 Biotechnology Lecture 2 I Definitions reproductive structure Invented by Linnaeus taxonomy and phylogenetics 7 Eubacteria true bacteria Phylogenic domain consisting of all bacteria not 8 Eukaryotes A cell that has a membrane bounded nucleus membrane 1 Taxonomy The identifying naming and classification of species 2 Taxon A group of organisms sharing similar traits multiple 3 Binomial Name consists of genus and description Classified based on 4 Systematics the scientific study of biological diversity encompasses both 5 Phylogeny the evolutionary interrelationships among organisms 6 Archaebacteria A phylogenetic domain of prokaryotes consisting of methanogens most extreme halophiles and hyperthermophiles and Thermoplasma archaeabacteria archaea bounded organelles and chromosomes in which the DNA is associated with proteins an organism composed of such cells Plants animals fungi and protists are the four groups of eukaryotes as bacteria Split in two domains Archaea and bacteria animals or plants heterotrophs autotrophs made of chitin 9 Monera A kingdom containing unicellular organisms without a nucleus such 10 Protista All organisms that do not have the distinct characteristics of fungi 11 Animal Kingdom consists of multicellular eukaryotes that are motile and 12 Plant Kingdom consists of multicellular eukaryotes that are immobile and 13 Fungi Plant like but heterotrophic more similar to animals and cell walls are II Evolutionary Tree 1 Distance represents evolutionary relationship The further away the less related 2 Linneaus Contributions a Classification based on reproductive structures flower b Binomial system a KHCOFGS III Electron Microscope 3 Taxonomic Heirarchy 1 Revealed Eukayrotes vs Prokaryotes IV Nucleic Acid Sequence 1 Further divided Pro Eukaryotes into 5 Kingdoms a Prokaryote Monera Eukaryotes Protista Plants Fungi Animals 2 Further categorized Kingdoms into Domains proposed by Carl Woese a Archaea b Domains surpassed Kingdom Better reflects Phylogeny c Emphasizes difference in Archaea and Bacteria Monera Eubacteria Monera Eukaryotes Protists Plants Animals Fungi 3 Protista is artificial Taxon because members are more closely related to other members of other kingdoms V Major Groups of Plants 1 Aqueous Plants green algae a Origin of Chloroplasts from cyanobacteria b Single cell to multicellular c water grown photosynthetic 2 Land Plants Liverworts and Mosses a No water transport system b Rhizoids but no root c Gametes are free swimming so found in moist places 3 Vascular Plants Club Mosses and ferns a Have real roots b First appearance of vascular tissue c Plants can now be tall d Gametes swim moist area 4 Seed Plants cone bearing plants a Formation of seeds and pollen b Vascular tissue roots sporophyte c Can grow in dry areas because gametes delivered in pollen wind d Embryo is next generation forms seeds on mother plants 5 Flowering Plants Grasses Broad leaf plants youngest largest most a Vascular tssue roots dominant sporocyte pollen b Gametes distributed by Pollen c Flowers help pollen distribution wind animals insects d Seeds enclosed in fruits for protection and dispersal e Adapted to various growth conditions diverse Lecture 3 I Definitions monocots androecium 1 Anthophyta The phylum of angiosperms or flowering plants 2 Monocot One of the two great classes of angiosperms Monocotyledonae plants having an embryo with one cotyledon abbreviated as 3 Dicot Obsolete term used to refer to all angiosperms other than 4 Stamen The part of the flower producing the pollen composed usually of monocotyledons characterized by having two cotyledons anther and filament collectively the stamens make up the 5 Anther The pollen bearing portion of a stamen 6 Filament The stalk of a stamen 7 Pistil Sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or a group of fused 8 Stigma The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen 9 Style A slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary and 10 Ovary The enlarged basal portion of a carpel or of a gynoecium composed carpels grains and on which they germinate through which the pollen tube grows fused carpels a mature ovary sometimes with other adherent of parts is a fruit egg when mature an ovule becomes a seed usually enclose the other flower parts in the bud corolla 11 Ovule A structure in seed plants containing the female gametophyte with cell all surrounded by the nucellus and one or two integuments 12 Sepal One of the outermost flower structures a unit of the calyx sepals 13 Petal A flower part usually conspicuously colored one of the units of the 14 Receptacle The part of the axis of a flower stalk that bears the floral organs 15 Locule A cavity within a sporangium or an ovary in which ovules occur 16 Pollen sacs A cavity in the
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