1 Prokaryote simple cells that lacked a nuclear envelope and did not have their genetic material organized into complex chromosomes Examples bacteria and archeabacteria 2 Eukaryote cells with nuclear envelopes complex chromosomes and organelles such as mitochondria sites of respiration and chloroplasts sites of photosynthesis surrounded by membranes Examples Fungi plants protists animals 3 Endosymbiosis A symbiotic relationship in which one or more organisms live within the cells or body of a host without doing harm The three types of endosymbiosis involved in the evolutionary origin of algal plastids are designated primary secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis 4 Understand the importance of plants NOT ONLY AS A FOOD SOURCE but also other important features Produce most of the oxygen we breathe produce most of the chemically stored energy we consume as food and burn for fuel produce compounds medicine spices vitamins drinks such as caffeine and drugs 5 Name unique features and major contributions of plant studies to science Plants brought about Mendel s laws of inheritance 1st law law of segregation and the 2nd law law of independent assortment maize revealed presence of transposable elements better harness the abilities of plants to provide us with food and medicines and energy help conserve endangered plants and threated environments learn fundamental principles of biology 6 Know basic concepts of Endosymbiosis Hypothesis of the origin of mitochondria an chloroplasts Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to be the descendants of bacteria that were taken up and adopted by an ancient host cell This concept for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts is known as the serial endosymbiotic theory with the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts as the endosymbionts An endosymbiont is an organism that lives within another dissimilar organism The process by which eukaryotic cells originated is termed serial endosymbiosis because the events did not occur simultaneously mitochondria definitely appeared before chloroplasts On the basis of the close similarity between bacteria and the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells it is quite clear that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as bacteria that were engulfed by larger heterotrophic cells 7 Scope of plant biology plant biology is an important scientific discipline that has many subdivisions plant physiology which is the study of how plants function that is how they capture and transform energy and how they grow and develop plant morphology the study of the form of plants plant anatomy the study of their internal structure plant tax onomy and systematics involving the naming and classifying of plants and the study of the relationships among them cytology the study of cell structure function and life histories genet ics the study of heredity and variation genomics the study of the content organization and function of genetic information in whole genomes molecular biology the study of the struc ture and function of biological molecules economic botany the study of past present and future uses of plants by people eth nobotany the study of the uses of plants for medicinal and other purposes by indigenous peoples ecology the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment and paleo botany the study of the biology and evolution of fossil plants 8 Roots anchor the plant in the ground and collect the water required for maintenance of the plant body and for photosynthesis while the stems provide support for the principal photosynthetic organs the leaves the vascular system or conducting system of the stem con ducts a variety of substances between the photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant body The vascular system has two major components the xylem through which water passes upward through the plant body and the phloem through which food manufactured in the leaves and other photosynthetic parts of the plant is transported throughout the plant body It is this efficient conducting system that gives the main group of plants the vascular plants their name Figure 1 9 9 Plants unlike animals continue to grow throughout their lives All plant growth originates in meristems which are embryonic tissue regions capable of adding cells indefinitely to the plant body Meristems located at the tips of all roots and shoots the apical meristems are involved with the exten sion of the plant body Thus the roots are continuously reach ing new sources of water and minerals and the photosynthetic regions are continuously extending toward the light The type of growth that originates from apical meristems is known as primary growth On the other hand the type of growth that re sults in a thickening of stems and roots secondary growth originates from two lateral meristems the vascular cambium and the cork cambium 10 11 1 LECTURE TWO Taxonomy the identification naming and classification of species Taxon a group of organisms sharing similar traits multiple Binomial two term Systematics The study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history Phylogeny the evolutionary relationships among organisms Archaebacteria single cell organisms Example monera Eubacteria rue bacteria which includes all bacteria except for archaebacteria Eukarya Eukaryotes Any of the single celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct membrane bound nucleus Monera New name for the kingdom of prokaryotes Protista A taxonomic kingdom comprised of protists characterized by being eukaryotic and mostly single celled Animal Kingdom Taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals Plant kingdom Organisms that are primarily terrestrial with chlorophylls a and b contained in chloroplasts spores enclosed in sporopollenin a tough wall substance and nutritionally dependent multicellular embryos Fungi Nonmotile multinucleate heterotrophic absorptive organ isms in which chitin predominates in the cell walls What do the length of the branches in a phylogeny represent The evolutionary distance between organisms What two major contributions did Linneaus have that dealt with plant classification 1 classification of plant structures and 2 Binomial system Name the taxonomic levels in the correct hierarchical order Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species What is the role of the electron microscope and the nucleic acid sequence comparisons in the revision of our understanding of the evolutionary
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