Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa Anatomy Physiology Exam I Study Guide The ability to maintain a relatively stable environment a b Maintaining equilibrium or balance A Homeostasis B Metabolism a Set of chemical and physical reactions that occur in living organisms i Catabolism ii Anabolism 1 2 1 2 Large molecules small molecules E released Small molecules large molecules E used C Homeostatic Control Mechanisms a Variable produces a change in the body b 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms i Receptor monitors and responds to change stimuli ii Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained iii Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus Figure 1 4 c Negative Feedback i stimuli and response are opposite of each other ii Most systems are negative feedback systems iii Example 1 Regulation of bg levels a Eat bg increases insulin relased bg decreased back to homeostatic level insulin is no longer released once that level is achieved d Positive Feedback i stimuli and response are the same direction output is enhanced ii Example 1 Oxytocin child birth a Contractions increase oxytocin release which enhances contractions and then more oxytocin 2 Coagulation a Formation of blood clots D Cells The living Units a Rough ER closest to cell membrane has ribosomes proteins produced here b c Smooth ER no ribosomes Body Fluids i Main composition of body H2O 1 2 Intracellular 2 3 Extracellular 1 3 Interstitial a b Plasma d Concentration of solutes 1 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa i Na always greater extracellular ii K always greater intracellular iii Thus extracellular fluid is always more and intracellular is more e Lipid Bilayer i Double bilayer of lipids with embedded dispersed proteins ii Phospholipids cholesterol won t cover CHO here 1 Phospholipids a More abundant than the proteins b Hydrophobic tails c Hydrophilic heads f Function of PRO in membrane i Transport ii Enzymatic activity g Proteins in the Bilayer i Integral or peripheral 1 Main enzyme we re concerned w is ATPases iii Receptors for signal transduction 1 2 Integral extend the whole width of the bilayer Peripheral sit on the outside of the pro h Diffusion i Diffusion movement of H20 ii High low iii At equilibrium there will be no net movement same no diffusion 1 Molecules continue to move but no change in iv Requires no energy i Simple vs facilitated diffusion i All diffusion is higher to lower always 1 fats gases O2 CO2 Simple a b diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer c dependent only on gradient 2 Facilitated a Glucose AA and ions b Use a channel or carrier 2 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa c Limited by of available protein channels i Carrier glucose AA ii Channel ions electrolytes K Na Cl j Osmosis i occurs when the of a solvent h2o is different on opposite sides of a membrane ii diffusion of h20 across a semi permeable membrane iii osmolarity is the total of solute particles number in a soln membrane impermeable to solutes but permeable to h20 membrane permeable to both remember that at same movement will stop E Type of Solutions a b Hypotonic Isotonic same outside as inside nothing happens i Cell inside a hypotonic soln will gain water swell and bursts ii Ex hemolysis of RBC c Hypertonic i Cell inside a hypertonic soln will lose water and shrink 3 F Active Transport a Requires energy active because going against the gradient low high b Two types primary and secondary i Primary AT 1 Uses ATP energy as result of the hydrolysis of ATP 2 Must use carrier protein remember that ions use carriers 3 Ex Na K pump 1 Na will start the process by binding to the binding site of the carrier 2 3 Na out followed by 2 K in against gradient c Na K pump d Antiport System e Symport System i Two subs moved across membrane in OPPOSITE directions ii Ex Na K pump i Two subs moved across membrane in SAME direction Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa 4 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa f Secondary AT of glucose g Vesicular transport i Na gradient drives glucose transportation and ATP energy pumps Na back out i Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membrane 1 2 ii EXO EXOcytosis from cell inside outside ENDOcytosis from cell outside inside 1 Moves out of the cell 2 iii ENDO iv Phagocytosis 1 Moves inside the cell cell eating XXXL particles Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into cells inside 1 2 1 v Pinoytosis cell drinking XL particles Fuses w membrane makes an envelope around molecules to be secreted transports outside G Resting Membrane Potential a Voltage across the membrane b Created by Na and K gradients c Na is inclined to enter cell b c of electrical gradient but are not very permeable d Steady state maintained by active transport of ions H Protein Synthesis a don t need to know a lot from this lecture review notes I Epithelial Tissue a Won t talk about muscular or neural tissues for this test b Epithelium sheet of cells that covers a body surface has contact w lumen i Primary functions 1 Absorption lumen cell 2 3 Filtration used in kidneys epithelial cells protection Connective tissue lies below epithelial tissue c d Types of epithelia i ii iii simple 1 layer of epithelial cells stratified more than 1 layer of epithelial cells simple 1 blood vessel endothelium 2 heart endocardium iv 2 types of glands made of epithelial Exocrine cavity or lumen 1 a Cell secretes pro enzyme goes to duct goes to duodenum exits body hence exocrine b Goes to duct tube 2 Endocrine blood a Stays in body ex hormone 5 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa v Membranes 1 Epidermis made of epithelial cells above 2 Dermis made of connective tissue below 3 Layers from top to bottom epidermis basal membrane dermis e Esophagus is the only part of digestive system that doesn t have simple why Because it doesn t filter or secrete f Membranes cover walls of cavities of body and outside of organs viscera g Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity h Viscera internal organs i balloon example J Heart Serosae Pericardium outside heart a b Visceral pericardium in contact w heart c d Parietal pericardium outermost Space b n the two pericardial space e Visceral Parietal i Viscera internal organs of body ii Visceral membrane surrounds organ iii Parietal membrane is a sac that covers the visceral membrane if viscera was lungs then parietal membrane would be attached to diaphragm iv Parietal pleura attaches to diaphragm and cavity v Parietal peritoneum covers wall vi Peritoneum space b n the 2 vii Visceral
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