Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa Anatomy Physiology Exam I Study Guide A Homeostasis B Metabolism a The ability to maintain a relatively stable environment b Maintaining equilibrium or balance a Set of chemical and physical reactions that occur in living organisms i Catabolism ii Anabolism 1 Large molecules small molecules 2 E released 1 Small molecules large molecules 2 E used C Homeostatic Control Mechanisms a Variable produces a change in the body b 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms i Receptor monitors and responds to change stimuli ii Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained iii Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus c Negative Feedback stimuli and response are opposite of each other i ii Most systems are negative feedback systems iii Example 1 Regulation of bg levels a Eat bg increases insulin relased bg decreased back to homeostatic level insulin is no longer released once that level is achieved a Contractions increase oxytocin release which enhances contractions and then more d Positive Feedback i ii Example stimuli and response are the same direction output is enhanced 1 Oxytocin child birth oxytocin 2 Coagulation a Formation of blood clots D Cells The living Units a Rough ER closest to cell membrane has ribosomes proteins produced here b Smooth ER no ribosomes c Body Fluids i Main composition of body H2O 1 Intracellular 2 3 2 Extracellular 1 3 1 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa Interstitial a b Plasma d Concentration of solutes i Na always greater extracellular ii K always greater intracellular iii Thus extracellular fluid is always more and intracellular is more e Lipid Bilayer i Double bilayer of lipids with embedded dispersed proteins ii Phospholipids cholesterol won t cover CHO here 1 Phospholipids a More abundant than the proteins b Hydrophobic tails c Hydrophilic heads f Function of PRO in membrane i Transport ii Enzymatic activity g Proteins in the Bilayer i Integral or peripheral 1 Main enzyme we re concerned w is ATPases iii Receptors for signal transduction Integral extend the whole width of the bilayer 1 2 Peripheral sit on the outside of the pro h Diffusion i ii iii Diffusion movement of H20 High low At equilibrium there will be no net movement same no diffusion 1 Molecules continue to move but no change in iv i Simple vs facilitated diffusion Requires no energy i All diffusion is higher to lower always 2 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa 1 Simple a b diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer c dependent only on gradient fats gases O2 CO2 2 Facilitated a Glucose AA and ions b Use a channel or carrier c Limited by of available protein channels i Carrier glucose AA ii Channel ions electrolytes K Na Cl j Osmosis i occurs when the of a solvent h2o is different on opposite sides of a membrane ii diffusion of h20 across a semi permeable membrane iii osmolarity is the total of solute particles number in a soln membrane impermeable to solutes but permeable to h20 membrane permeable to both 3 remember that at same movement will stop E Type of Solutions a b Hypotonic Isotonic same outside as inside nothing happens i Cell inside a hypotonic soln will gain water swell and bursts ii Ex hemolysis of RBC c Hypertonic i Cell inside a hypertonic soln will lose water and shrink Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa 4 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa F Active Transport a Requires energy active because going against the gradient low high b Two types primary and secondary i Primary AT 1 Uses ATP energy as result of the hydrolysis of ATP 2 Must use carrier protein remember that ions use carriers 3 Ex Na K pump c Na K pump 1 Na will start the process by binding to the binding site of the carrier 2 3 Na out followed by 2 K in against gradient 5 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa d Antiport System e Symport System i Two subs moved across membrane in OPPOSITE directions ii Ex Na K pump i Two subs moved across membrane in SAME direction f Secondary AT of glucose g Vesicular transport i Na gradient drives glucose transportation and ATP energy pumps Na back out i Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membrane 1 EXOcytosis from cell inside outside 2 ENDOcytosis from cell outside inside ii EXO 1 Moves out of the cell 2 Fuses w membrane makes an envelope around molecules to be secreted transports outside iii ENDO iv Phagocytosis 1 Moves inside the cell cell eating XXXL particles 1 2 Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into cells inside v Pinoytosis 1 cell drinking XL particles G Resting Membrane Potential a Voltage across the membrane b Created by Na and K gradients c Na is inclined to enter cell b c of electrical gradient but are not very permeable d Steady state maintained by active transport of ions H Protein Synthesis a don t need to know a lot from this lecture review notes 6 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa I Epithelial Tissue a Won t talk about muscular or neural tissues for this test b Epithelium sheet of cells that covers a body surface has contact w lumen i Primary functions 1 Absorption lumen cell 2 Filtration used in kidneys epithelial cells 3 protection c Connective tissue lies below epithelial tissue d Types of epithelia i simple 1 layer of epithelial cells ii stratified more than 1 layer of epithelial cells iii simple 1 blood vessel endothelium 2 heart endocardium iv 2 types of glands made of epithelial 1 Exocrine cavity or lumen exocrine b Goes to duct tube 2 Endocrine blood a Stays in body ex hormone a Cell secretes pro enzyme goes to duct goes to duodenum exits body hence v Membranes 1 Epidermis made of epithelial cells above 2 Dermis made of connective tissue below 3 Layers from top to bottom epidermis basal membrane dermis e Esophagus is the only part of digestive system that doesn t have simple why Because it doesn t filter or secrete f Membranes cover walls of cavities of body and outside of organs viscera g Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity h Viscera internal organs i balloon example 7 Exam I Study Guide Dr Figueroa J Heart Serosae a Pericardium outside heart b Visceral pericardium in contact w heart c Space b n the two pericardial space d Parietal pericardium outermost e Visceral Parietal i Viscera internal organs of body ii Visceral membrane surrounds organ iii Parietal membrane is a sac that covers the visceral membrane if viscera was lungs then parietal membrane would be attached to diaphragm iv Parietal pleura attaches to diaphragm and cavity v Parietal peritoneum
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