Animal Diversity Lab Final Exam Study Guide KINGDOM PROTISTA 1 Classification Phylum Ciliophora Ciliata Phylum Sarcodina Amoebas Phylum Euglenozoa Phylum Axostylata Phylum Apicomplexa Sporozoa 2 Organization 3 Embryonic Development NO embryonic development 4 Symmetry Highly variable mostly asymmetrical 5 Skeleton Support Cellular Single cells colonies or some cell differentiation No skeletal support unless they have a tests shell found in Sarcodina 6 Movement Locomotion Ciliata cilia Euglenozoa flagella Sarcodina pseudopodia Sporozoa Apicomplexa no locomotion organelles 7 Sensory Nervous System 8 Digestion Feeding No nervous system but they respond to stimuli on a cellular level Autotrophs photosynthesis Euglena Heterotrophs feed by absorption of nutrient phagocytosis or a cellular mouth Intracellular digestion occurs via food vacuoles and lysosomes 9 Excretory Osmoregulation Diffusion Active Transport 10 Circulation None 11 Respiration Cellular level 12 Reproduction Asexual Sexual Terms to Know 1 Binary fission nucleus and cytoplasm divide equally into identical cell products Common in Ciliophora Euglenozoa Spores Sporozoans Parasites of animals resting state Budding fission where nuclear division is unequal Multiple fission Several nuclear divisions Multiple individuals Common in Sarcodina Apicomplexa Conjugation two individuals adhere exchange nuclear components Syngamy production of gametes via meiosis King Phillip came over for great soup 1 Know this order Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 2 Classification The arrangement of animals and plants in taxonomic groups according to their observed similarities 3 Systematics The branch of biology that deals with classification and nomenclature taxonomy 4 Phylogeny The branch of biology that deals with Phylogenesis The evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms or of a particular feature of an organism 5 Different kingdoms Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Monera Bacteria Archaea 6 Excavata All single celled forms Name comes from groove on side of cell Many forms are parasites or gut living mutualists some lack or have highly unusual mitochondria Familiar forms are Giargis aquatic parasite and Euglena photosynthetic form 7 Rhizari May be within the Chromalveolata Amoeba like form with long thing pseudopodia and tests 8 Archaeplastida Plants and their close relatives mostly non motile except for reproductive cells Exceptions in some green algae such as Volvox Not covered in this course except for lab example of Volvox 9 Chromalveolata Very large group two major sub groups Alveolates Stramenopiles 10 Unikonts What we are talking about in the rest of the course There are three groups 1 Animals and Choanoflagellates 2 Fungi and close relatives 3 Amoebas and Slime Molds 11 Alveolates Ciliates Apicomplexa Dinoflagellates Combined with three different groups which are all of interest from an animal point of view Actively swimming single celled organisms Dinoflagellates Often take up other forms of algae and become photosynthetic The zooxanthellae that occur inside coral are a group of Dinoflagellates Have numerous tiny flagella that are called cilia Ciliata Most animal like of Protista Many are active swimmers and predators Others are filter feeders Apicomplexa Sporozoa Parasites of animals Have complex life cycles Example Plasmodium 12 Amoebas Free living Gymnameba and parasitic Entameba taxa No Flagella move through pseudopodia Pseudopodia are usually lobose Amoeba like cells are seen in other groups of eukaryotes 13 Cellular Slime Molds Dictyostelium model organism for evolutionary and cell signaling studies Unicellular and multicellular stages to life cycle Multicellular formed through aggregation rather than cell division 14 Plasmodial Slime Molds Essentially gigantic amoebas Form large plasmodium body form which is a multinucleate cell Often web like in form 2 Important principle Surface Area to Volume Ratio Web like form allows plasmodium to get large and still have a high SA V ratio 15 Cilia Movement in Ciliates 16 Flagella Movement in Euglenozoa 17 Pseudopodia False feet Movement in Sarcodina 18 Test Shell found in Sarcodina Key Concepts 1 Understand the differences between classification and phylogeny Classification is grouping and ordering items using arbitrary criteria Phylogeny is dealing with order in which one item derived evolved from another In biology specifically phylogeny tries to trace evolution of groups of organisms 2 Understand what is meant by form and function The way an organism is shaped is directly related to its function Each organism needs to have all the parts that combine to carry out a process and ultimately lead to its function Surface Area Volume Volume determines requirements and Surface Area determines rate of supply Shape can modify SA V Body size affects other aspects of life 3 Understand the problems with the two and five kingdom approaches to classification Carl Linnaeus initially found the two kingdom system based upon morphology and other physical characteristics Modern scientists have altered the classification to a new system of six kingdoms based upon modern science s ability to better compare and define the genetic structures of living things A new rDNA comparison analysis led to the development of the three domains and six kingdom classification The two kingdoms in the original system defined by Linnaeus were Animalia animal Vegetabilia vegetable or plant The five kingdoms were defined in 1969 by Robert Whittaker Called the binomial nomenclature it is no longer in use Animalia animal Plantae plant Fungi fungi Protista comprised by various one celled animals Monera The modern classification uses the following six Kingdoms Protista Animalia Fungi Plantae Archaebacteria Eubacteria Monera was split into the Kingdoms of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria 4 Know the three domain classification 3 Archaea Prokarya Eukarya 5 Understand that surface area and volume scale differently with increasing linear dimensions In general when any solid doubles in size Each linear dimension doubles Its surface area multiplies by four Its volume multiplies by eight 6 Understand that traditional classification of animal like Protista was based on locomotory organs The Protista s were divided based on their means of locomotion Ciliophora use Cilia to move Sarcodina use pseudopodia and Euglenozoa use flagella 7 Know the basic life cycles of cellular slime molds and
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