SYD 3020 STUDY QUESTIONS FOR TEST 2 Mortality Health and Survival 1 How does life expectancy differ from life span Life expectancy is the average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person s life Most commonly cited as life expectancy at birth Life span constant is the maximum age that human beings could reach under optimum conditions Age limit of human life 110 115 years 2 What is the relationship between life expectancy e0 and longevity Longevity varies is the length of life the ability to remain alive from one year to the next In populations measured by life expectancy at birth e0 average expected years of life 3 What is the relationship between the life table and life expectancy Explain years of life remaining Life table is a tabular display of life expectancy and the probability of dying at each age or age group for a given population according to the age specific death rates prevailing at that time The life table gives an organized complete picture of a population s mortality Life expectancy can be calculated from life table It can be estimated for any age years 4 What country currently has the highest value for e0 What is this value overall not gender specific What is the current global value for e0 Country with highest value for e0 Japan Overall value 83 Current global value for e0 70 5 Thinking generally how does life expectancy differ by sex That is who tends to live longer males or females Sometimes this general pattern doesn t hold in what kind of population does this happen Females tend to life longer In such case that this general pattern doesn t hold it would be because the population 6 Explain the lazy J the age curve of mortality What causes its basic shape What influences its height The age curve of mortality is referred to as the lazy J because it is in the shape as the letter J Deaths to persons under age 1 divided by live births during the year is what causes its basic shape Death rates per thousand is what influences its height 7 At what ages is the risk of death highest At what age range is it lowest Risk of death is highest 60 Risk of death is lowest 5 9 8 What is the IMR In what country is it lowest Why does the US not have the lowest IMR in the world even though we spend more on health care than other countries Deaths to persons under age 1 IMR X 1000 Live births during the year Country w lowest IMR Japan The US does not have the lowest IMR in the world despite the fact that we spend more on health care than other countries because death rates are lower in more developed countries and Japan is more developed 9 What is a country s cause structure of mortality A country s cause structure of mortality is the prevailing causes of death These cause structures vary across Historical periods Social and demographic groups e g age sex race within populations Socioeconomic development across populations 10 What is the source of data on numbers and causes of death in the United States Immediate cause of death final disease or condition resulting in death Sequentially list conditions if any leading to the cause of death Underlying cause disease or injury that initiated the events resulting in death SYD 3020 Test 2 Study Guide Spring 2013 Page 2 11 What is the ICD Who produces it Why is it important The ICD is the International Classification of Diseases and is produced by the World of Health Organization WHO The ICD involves a detailed listing of all known diseases medical conditions that can result in death It is important because it provides a common language for reporting and monitoring diseases 12 According to the CDC what are the two top causes of death in the United States considered across all ages Approximately what share of U S deaths is due to these two causes What is the top cause of infant death What is the top cause of death for children and young adults Two top causes of death in the U S Disease of Heart Malignant neoplasm s Share of U S deaths due to top 2 causes 47 9 Top cause of infant death Congenital Anomalies Top cause of death for children and young adults Unintentional Injury 13 Why do the leading causes of death in the U S vary by sex Leading causes of death in the U S vary by sex because certain categories international classification of diseases ICD are limited to one sex Ex Men have higher rates of death from vascular disease leading death cause 14 Summarize epidemiologic transition theory ETT You should be able to identify the name of each of its stages life expectancy at each stage the approximate dates for each stage the prevailing causes of death at each stage and what led to the transition from one stage to the next Epidemiologic transition theory ETT is the cause structure of mortality changes over historical time Stage Year Causes of Death Transition Age of Pestilence Famine Prehistory 1750 Age of Receding Pandemics 1750 1920s Pandemic diseases Spread via trade routes e g Black Plague spread by rat fleas along trade routes Exacerbated by living conditions nutrition Famine reliance on local food supplies primitive agriculture Infection Endemic parasitic deficiency diseases Edward Jenner vaccine against smallpox practice e0 30 50 SYD 3020 Test 2 Study Guide Spring 2013 Page 3 Life Expectan cy e0 20 30 epidemic scourges childhood maternal complexes Tuberculosis peaked with industrialization generally more virulent in young females Childhood smallpox Share of deaths from communicable diseases infections Share of deaths from degenerative diseases human causes Environmental exposure toxins pollutants e g carcinogens Lifestyle change alcohol tobacco foods Age structure of mortality changed Fewer infant childhood deaths Mortality more concentrated at older ages Greater concentration of deaths cardiovascular diseases Continued concentration of due to neoplasms mortality at older ages of improved hygiene Germ theory of disease treatments Penicillin 1928 Antibacterial sulfonamides 1932 Public welfare leisure spending grew improvemed living conditions People became extremely conscious of nutrition especially as it affected the health of children mothers Mental illness addiction accidents radiation hazards pollution more prevalent Unhealthy lifestyles behaviors such as smoking and physical inactivity e0 50 70 e0 70 1920s 1960 Age of human caused degenerative diseases Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases 1960 Present Two stages 1 1750 1850 Improved agriculture