Final Study Guide This is just an overview of each phylum along with looking over the final study guide review your drawings and personal notes Good Luck Studying Kingdom Protista 1 Classification Phylum Ciliophora Ciliata Phylum Sporozoa Apicomplexa including parasites Ex Plasmodium vivax Phylum Euglenozoa move via flagella Phylum Sarcodina Ameboa Psuedopodes fake foot Ex Difflugia Forminifera Arcella 2 Organization 7 Sensory Nervous 6 Movement Locomotion Sometimes they form colonies Foraminiferan have calcium tests Unicellular 3 Embryonic Development N A 4 Symmetry No symmetry 5 Skeleton Support Have tests made of silicate and calcium Radiolarian have silicate test Ciliophora cilia Chemotaxis Autotrophic Heterotrophic eating other things 9 Excretory Osmoregulation Diffusion Contractile vacuoles 10 Circulation Diffusion Amoeba have cytoplasmic streaming 11 Respiration Diffusion 12 Reproduction 8 Digestion Feeding Sporozoa no locomotion Euglenozoa flagella Sarcodina pseudopods Phototaxis eye spots have nerve bundles that will detect pH change and light Filter Feeders Intracellular Digestion food vacuoles and lysosomes Trichocysts Paramecium use this structure to capture prey Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis Amoeba s form of feeding Asexual Binary Fission and Budding Sexual Conjugation and syngamy Phylum Features Porifera 1 Classification asconoid and syconoid belong to this group Class Calcarea Spicules are composed of calcium carbonate All Class Hexactinellida Spicules are composed of silica Deep sea glass sponges All members of this class are leuconoid Class Demospongiae 80 of all sponges All members are leuconoid Occur in both marine and freshwater environments in body plan 2 Organization 3 Embryonic Development 4 Symmetry 5 Skeleton Support Multicellular Asymmetrical sessile filter feeders No true tissues and no embryonic germ tissues Cells specialize and can reorganize the sponge organism n a Asymmetrical no symmetry spicules and spongin which prevents collapse of canals and chambers Structural protein collagen lies in the intercellular mesohyle Sessile Movement as larvae Cells move within sponge N A Choanocytes filter feed line the inner wall of the spongocoel and 7 Sensory Nervous 8 Digestion Feeding move water through the body cavity by the action of the flagella They occur only in the radial 6 Movement Locomotion canals Digestion is intracellular some large sponges can filter up to 1500 liters per day filtered water leaves the sponge through the osculum N A N A Sexual Monecious Dioecious 9 Excretory Osmoregulation 10 Circulation 11 Respiration 12 Reproduction 1 When a stimulus is right specialized flagellated choanocytes 2 The release sperm enters another sponge and gets become sperm and release into the water Broadcast Spawning phagocytized by choanocytes which lose their collar and flagella become amoeboid and travel through the mesohyl to fertilize egg cells 3 Once fertilized they develop into PARENCHYMULA LARVAE the larvae exits the parent sponge swim for a few hours and settles and grows into a new sponge Asexual Gemmules Fragmentation Budding excellent powers of regeneration after fragmentation due to the of cells and the simple cellular grade of Gemmule a dense hardened ball of archaeocytes protected by spicules They are an adaption to allow the formation of new totipotency organization collagen and overwintering in harsh conditions and sponges in the spring Surface Area to Volume Asconoid Sides 2 rh force required and less opportunity for taking in materials Volume r 2 h As a sponge gets bigger then more volume per surface area more Walls need to get bigger to prevent buckling Asconoid sponges have the simplest organization Water enters through microscopic dermal pores into a large cavity spongocoel which is lined with choanocytes Choanocyte flagella pull water though the pores and expel it through a single large osculum increases surface area for filtering by folding the asconoid surface a flagellated atrium spongocoel they have flagellated Syconoid now instead of radial canals Leuconoid elaboration on the syconoid plan further increases in surface area by subdividing flagellated canals into flagellated chambers More efficient water pumping system Pinacocytes outer sponge cells which help regulate the surface area of the sponge Mesophyl Matrix beneath the pinacoderm which is the skeletal support of spicules and spongin Porocytes surround cancel opening pore can contract to regulate water flow through the sponge Archaeocytes amebocytes amoebocytes totipotent cells move through mesophyl Ingest via phagocytosis and digest food transferred from choanocytes and transport nutrients to other cells In some sponges they develop into gametes Ecological Roles of Porifera structural elements filtration water chemistry refuge Phylum Features Cnidaria and Ctenophora 1 Classification Class Hydrozoa Both polyp and medusa stages mostly marine and some freshwater Siphonophores the ultimate superorganism a colony of specialized cooperative polymorphic polyps Hydrocorals aka fire coral huge number of nematocytes which cause severe stinging pain chills and nausea They secrete a calcareous skeleton resembling true corals jellyfish conspicuous medusa alternates with inconspicuous polyp form Dioecious Gastrovascular Canal System Class Scyphozoa o 4 gastric pouchs o radial canals o ring canals Surface exumbrella and an ocellus for photoreception Ropalium contains a statocysts for balance and sensing gravity Gastrovascular Cavity Gonad Sea anemones hard corals soft corals and sea fans Sea Anemone Class Anthozoa o GVC divided into chambers by septa o Siphonoglyph ciliated groove runs down sides of pharynx o Acontia threads with nematocyst and gland cells o Life cycle spawning release of gametes with external and maintains H2O current fertilization Diploblastic gastrula with ciliated larvae Two Smaller Classes lecture Class Cubozoa Class Staurozoa box jellyfish medusa is prominent tentacles at each corner potentially lethal split off from class Scyphozoa solitary polyp top of polyp resembles a small medusa octomerous 8 tentacles 2 Organization 3 Embryonic Development Tissue level Diploblastic Epidermis Gastrodermic Scyphozoa Development to Medusa o Planula o Scyphistoma o Strobila o Ephyra o Medusa 4 Symmetry 5 Skeleton Support Longitudinal Circular muscles Radial with oral and aboral ends Mesoglea gelatinous medium between two tissue layers Hydrostatic skeleton 6 Movement Locomotion Muscle
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