Bio 2 Lab Lecture 1 01 08 2013 The purple line illustrates the arthropods By knowing the evolution degree we can figure out when things have happened Cambrian evolution when animals started growing hard structures that produced a lot of fossils which can be used to study the evolutionary changes occurring in the world Diversity means for example genetic diversity different human populations in Africa that scopes out the different types of genes and alleles of birds This also applies to geographic variation Example you don t see birds the size of rhinos flying around Classification Phylogeny the creation of trees that depicts the relationships between animals and their diversity o This is a more modern phyla that shows the characteristics that are shared between animals It has changed to better fit the knowledge that we have gained from the relationships in evolution The very basic distinction between organisms is plants vs animals You see things that are very still that don t move vs things that do move It turns out that thins isn t a very accurate description of the actual relationships between life on earth Before they use to classify these things as both plants and animals Another problem is that they discovered other things such as bacteria and fungi which was stuck into the kingdom of plants They also discovered things that at first take look very similar but once they delve into the anatomy of the organisms that they are greatly different from each other Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista all Eukaryotes that do not really fit in a group Monera It was a good idea for the time however it is no longer in date and is not accurate for today Came up with the 5 kingdoms It was hard to work out how they were related to each other Monera bacteria caused confusion because they only come in 3 basic shapes and they couldn t examine them in a deeper sense because they were so small Instead of looking at the basic anatomy they looked closer into the DNA sequences and the gene relationships Form wasn t telling scientists much of anything but specialized of the animals into groups based on their DNA sequences Created 3 groups Bacteria Archaea and Eucaryota o o o Eukaryote Groups Phylum information 01 08 2013 Size The largest group in animal kingdom There are over 30 different phylum If you shrink or grow you re body wouldn t work very well Absolute size is very important for how organisms work Surface Area Volume o o o The surface area is where the cell gets everything Ex where they get the oxygen The more surface area you have the more of the nutrients are able to come in Surface area is supply and area is demand The surface area does not grow at a rate that fulfills the area Shape also matters because there are certain shapes that can maintain a high surface to volume ration Some shapes are more continent vs others The shapes of animals can also relate to the environment that they live in For example animals that live in the artic will have a bigger surface area volume so that they can keep in their body heat How do organisms deal with being BIG The organisms can create a more convenient way to increase the surface area For example the surface area is bigger in the lungs because of villi compared to the lining being smooth Body Size Affects other Aspects of Life The bigger you are the more constraints you have For example if we were to knock an ant off a tall building it would survive however if you were to do that to a mouse it would not survive This is because of their surface volume and mass Protists have great ecological importance zooplankton phytoplankton are an important foundation of food chains autotrophs algae are important producers of O2 and consumers of CO2 some are free living species many species are symbiotes of other organisms commensals mutualists parasites many are agents of human disease Early Locomotion Classifications Flagellates There are many classifications based on where they are located and how they move Lack either one of these locomotion And they have pseudopodia They look like their oozing towards you Sarcodina Sporozoans o Don t move at all and they are typically parasites Modern Locomotion Classifications Excavata All single celled forms Name comes from groove on side of cell Many forms are parasites or gut living mutualists some lack or have highly unusual mitochondria They typically live inside people Familiar forms are o o o o o o o o Giardia aquatic parasite single cell in fresh water and in guts of animals important to not drink in fresh water ponds typically near where cows and beavers live and Euglena photosynthetic form Their chloroplast is very similar to the chloroplasts of green algae and those two groups are completely different They found out that the green algae evolved inside the euglena and became one new organism o Many excavata once assumed to be very early branches basal of eukaryote phylogeny lacked mitochondria Is this ancestral never had or derived adaptation to low oxygen existence Chromalveolata o Were not seen as a one whole group back in the day till they started doing DNA analysis Very large group two major subgroups Alveolates first subgroup of Chromalveolata o o Three different groups all of interest from an animal point of view Ciliates Have numerous tiny flagellae that are called cilia Most animal like of Protista Many are active swimmers and predators Others are filter feeders Have a unique form of sexual reproduction Apicomplexa Sporozoa first subgroup of Alveolates All parasites of animals Have complex life cycles Know Plasmodium causes malaria Several species attack humans other species attack birds reptiles Question Which of the following is a member of the Apicomplexa Euglena Termite gut symbiont Giardia Plasmodium Paramecium Dinoflagellates second subgroup of Alveolates single cell forms of life 1 They are really actively moving They have a hard outer test They also have flagella that beat inside those grooves at angles When their beating they are driving the organism in 2 different ways thus they never really move in a straight line 2 Some of them have evolved to live inside corals and they provide them with nutrients They have evolved three times into different forms o Stramenopiles second subgroup of Chromalveolata basically algae e g Kelp Rhizaria May be within the Chromalveolata Amoeba like form with long thin pseudopodia which increases their surface area and tests hard external shell Common in fresh and salt
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