Exam 3 Study Guide Learning Objectives Topics 8 10 BOT 3015 Spring 2013 Professor Dr Mast Evolution of Angiosperms Topic 8 Learning Objectives Plant Biology BOT 3015 Dr Mast On Exam 3 you will not be tested on relationships of the angiosperms to other phyla of seed plants or characteristics of extinct angiosperms 1 What are the synapomorphies of the angiosperms Synapomorphy a The synapomorphies of the angiosperms are flowers closed carpels the vessel double fertilization that leads to endosperm formation 3 nucleate microgametophyte 8 nucleate megagametophyte stamens with 2 pairs of pollen sacs 4 pollen sacs sieve tubes and companion cells in phloem b Synapomorphies are character states 2 or more forms of a character that arose in the common ancestor of a group and are present in all of its members 2 What are the two major groups of angiosperms What differentiates them from one another Table 19 1 Are all angiosperms either monocots or eudicots Why is it important for there to be at least one pollen aperture Monocots Eudicots pollen aperture cotyledon a The two major groups of angiosperms are monocots and eudicots b What differentiates the two is that eudicots have flower parts in 4 s or 5 s triaperturate pollen 2 cotyledons netlike leaf venation primary vascular bundles in stem in a ring and commonly has true secondary growth with the vascular cambium Monocots have flower parts in 3 s monoaperaturate pollen 1 cotyledon parallel leaf venation complex arrangement of vascular bundles and rarely has true secondary growth e Monocots c No not all angiosperms are monocots or eudicots d one of the 2 great classes of angiosperms plants having an embryo It is important for there to be at least one pollen aperture in order for a stigma to be able to come into contact with the pollen with one cotyledon having 2 cotyledons one of the 2 great classes of angiosperms plants with an embryo a thin or modified region of pollen exine and intine a leaf like structure of the embryo g Pollen aperture h Cotyledon f Eudicots 3 What are the four major evolutionary trends in floral evolution that are presented in the text Recognize both the primitive and derived states there is a shift from a primitive to one or more derived state s in each statement Superior ovary inferior ovary actinomorphic zygomorphic radial symmetry bilateral symmetry a From flowers with few to many parts that are indefinite in number flowers have evolved toward having few parts that are definite in number b The floral axis has become shortened so that the original spiral arrangement of parts is no longer evident and the floral parts often have become fused c The ovary has become inferior rather than superior in position and the perianth has become differentiated into a distinct calyx and corolla d The radial symmetry or actinomorphy of early flowers has given way to bilateral e Zygomorphic f Superior ovary symmetry or zygomorphy in more advanced ones ovary is an ovary that is completely or partially attached to the calyx bilaterally symmetrical Actinomorphic radially symmetrical is an ovary that is free and separate from the calyx An inferior inferior left and center are superior right is 4 Describe the flowers of the two largest flowering plant families the Asteraceae sun flowers and Orchidaceae orchids Why does delivery of many pollen grains at a time in the orchids have a positive effect on their fitness Asteraceae Orchidaceae connate and connation adnate and adnation pappus disk flowers ray flowers column pollinium phyllary a The flowers of the family Asteraceae sun flowers are inflorescent They are made up of 2 kinds of flowers disk flowers and ray flowers Both have their petals connate to one another In disk flowers the corolla is actinomorphic and in ray flowers the corolla is zygomorphic The stamens are adnate to the corolla The calyx is called the pappus The ovary is inferior b The flowers of the family Orchidaceae orchids have columns which is the fusion of the stamen s with the style and stigma The ovary contains many ovules and the contents of the anther are released as a mass the pollinium to pollinate a lot of ovules This delivery of many pollen grains at a time helps to improve their fitness because it increases the likelihood of a pollen grain reaching an ovule and fertilizing it in a corolla tube describing fused unlike parts such as stamens and petals what the calyx is called in family Asteraceae the actinomorphic tubular flowers of the Asteraceae in Asteraceae the flattened zygomorphic flowers d Adnate e Pappus f Disk flowers g Ray flowers h Phyllary Referring to similar parts that are united or fused such as petal fused a bract subtending the inflorescence in Asteraceae c Connate 5 What characteristics would you expect in the flowers of plants using the following pollen vectors bees flies butterflies moths birds bats and wind You should be able to guess what pollinates a flower if I show you a picture of it Nectar guide is a better term than honey guide a Bees cannot see red Thus bee pollinated flowers are usually blue or yellow b Flowers pollinated by butterflies moths offer nectar as a reward The insects use their long mouthparts Settling butterflies moths need a landing platform Many flowers pollinated by butterflies moths have long nectar spurs c Fly pollinated flowers often look and smell like rotting flesh d Bird pollinated flowers typically produce copious nectar and are red and odorless b c birds have a poor sense of smell e Bat pollinated flowers produce copious nectar open at night emit strong fermenting fruitlike or musky odors and are dull colored They often produce on the trunk if the plant is a tree f Wind pollinated plants are nectarless with little odor and dull colors The petals are small or absent anthers are large Often flowering before leaf out in spring g See ppt slides for pictures examples of flowers 6 What produces the characteristic colors of flowers and leaves What are the properties including color of the pigments Carotenoids flavonoids anthocyanins flavonols betacyanins betalains a Flower colors are produced by a small number of pigments primarily flavonoids b Carotenoids red yellow and orange in color Also act as accessory pigments in and carotenoids cellular pH and reflective properties of structure photosynthesis for photosynthesis Block UV radiation in leaves are water soluble and are found in vacuoles emit light of blue green and red wavelengths which are important c Flavonoids
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