I Compound Microscope a Parts The Microscope i Oculars eyepieces ii Objectives lenses iii iv Stage holds specimen and has a hole for light to go through v Diaphragm controls amount of light passing through it is just below Illuminator provides light the stage vi Coarse knob used to obtain approximate focus vii Fine focus knob used to obtain exact clear focus viii Arm where the knobs are found ix Nosepiece holds the objectives x Tube holds the oculars xi Base the bottom big part of the entire microscope xii Slide clip holds the slide in place xiii Slide manipulator adjusts the position of the slide under the i 10x because of the ocular multiplied by the magnification of the nosepiece b Magnification II Dissection Microscope objective c Both microscopes use light d This one is for larger not see through objects e Single very large objective lens and 2 oculars f Only a coarse adjustment knob g Magnification i Just read the magnification on the right of the oculars The Protozoa I Classification a Phylum Ciliophora i Cilia cid 224 arise from kinetosomes which are basal bodies These are arranged in kineties or rows that are extending beneath the pellicle Infraciliature cid 224 are the longitudinal fibers that interconnect the kineties ii iii Macronucleus cid 224 controls all vegetative functions iv Micronucleus cid 224 regulates the reproductive activities of the cell v Adoral zone membranelles AZM cid 224 facilitate feeding vi Trichocysts cid 224 fired from below the pellicle used for prey capture or attachment Examples Looked at 1 Paramecium a Two modes of reproduction i Conjugation cid 224 sexual reproduction looks like they are ii Binary Fission cid 224 asexual looks like they are on top of next to each other each other Note Didinium cid 224 feeds on paramecium is a barrel shaped ciliate with two circular rows of cilia b Phylum Sarcodina Amebas i Pseudopodia cid 224 false feet ii Cytoplasm cid 224 endoplasm consists of plasmogel and plasmoasol and ectoplasm iii Many secrete shells or tests iv Many are parasitic v Contractile vacuole cid 224 maintains osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm by expelling the water that is constantly diffusing into the more concentrated cytoplasm vi Phagoctyosis cid 224 engulfing solid particles or small protozoans vii Pinocytosis cid 224 cell drinking c Phylum Euglenozoa i Divided into phytoflagellates and zooflagellates 1 Phytoflagellates cid 224 by the possession of the chloroplast stores food as starch paramylum 2 Zooflagellates cid 224 lack of chloroplasts store food as glycogen ii Euglenoid movement cid 224 squeezing iii Stigma cid 224 orange red eyespot that is a mass of pigment granules that shades a photoreceptor Looked at 1 Volvox 2 Euglena d Phylum Apicomplexa Sporozoa i Parasites ii Plasmodium agent of malaria that infects the host e Phylum Atostylata i Symbiotic inhabitants of the midguts of termites ii These flagellates produce cellulase to digest the cellulose in wood II Unicellular III Feeding In fresh water and salt water a b Each cell is an individual organism c Complexity through organelles a Filter feeding heterotrophs cid 224 feed by absorbing nutrients phagocytosis or b Chloroplasts autotrophs cid 224 makes own food from the sun and photosynthesis cellular mouth for chloroplasts IV Digestion a Intracellular i Phagocytosis ii Pinocytosis V Excretory a Diffusion Osmoregulation VI a Contractile vacuoles VII Circulation a Diffusion b Cytoplasmic streaming VIII Skeleton IX a Microtubules b Membranes c Compound Pellicle d Tests Reproduction a Asexual b Sexual i Binary fission ii Budding i Conjugation ii Syngamy X Movements a Cilia b Flagella c Pseudopodia XI a Mostly asymmetrical NO EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Porifera I 3 major body types a Asconoid i simplest form ii pores to spongocoel choanocytes here to the osculum iii Buds iv Water flow 1 Ostium cid 224 spongocoel flagellated cid 224 osculum b Syconoid radial canals choanocytes here i ii water flow 1 ostia cid 224 incurrent canal cid 224 prosopyle cid 224 radial canal cid 224 apopyle cid 224 spongocoel cid 224 osculum c Leuconoid i most complex ii iii Water flow flagellated chambers choanocytes here 1 ostia cid 224 incurrent canal cid 224 prosoplye cid 224 radial canal cid 224 apopyle cid 224 spongocoel cid 224 osculum II Organization a Cellular b Three body plans Symmetry a Asymmetrical Body wall composed of 3 things III IV V Skeleton and Support a Epidermis with incurrent pores b Mesohyl contains spicules and amoebocytes c Inner layer of choanocytes a Spicules cid 224 geometric crystal structures b Spongin cid 224 collagen like protein highly elastic c Mesohyl cid 224 acellular gelatinous protein matrix VI Feeding a Filter feeders b Diffusion cid 224 high concentration to low concentration c Suspension feeders cid 224 motion of choanocytes move water collar of microvilli little hairs that collect food particles a Intracellular cid 224 moves through body by amoebocytes totipotent VII Digestion VIII Reproduction a Sexual b Asexual i Dioecious cid 224 eggs and sperm produced in separate individuals ii monoecious cid 224 eggs and sperm produced in one individual produce one or the other at different times in sponges i Budding ii Fragmentation iii Regeneration iv Gemmule formation cid 224 cyst like body that can withstand freezing and desiccation Only freshwater forms i Spicules of calcium carbonate small vase shaped exhibit all 3 canal i Spicules of silica form a glasslike lattice leuconoid canal systems i Most sponges leuconoid canal systems highly variable in shape bath IX Classification a Class Calcarea systems b Class Hexactinellida c Class Demospongiae sponges X Respiration XI Circulation a Diffusion a Diffusion a Diffusion XIII Types of cells XII Excretory Osmoregulation a Choanocytes cid 224 flagellated collar cells i Create water current in sponge ii Drop food and begin digestion iii Become sperm b Pinacocytes cid 224 outer layer for shape c Porocytes cid 224 form cellular openings prosophyle d Amoebocytes cid 224 complete digestion totipotent become eggs carry nutrients and waste around the sponge Water pump rate is proportional to the number of choanocytes cid 224 Volume increases at a faster rate than surface area NO EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Cnidaria I Classification a Class Hydrozoa i Polymorphic polyp and medusa stages in life cycle ii Gastrozooids for digestion have tentacles to capture prey iii Gonozooids for reproduction produce the sexual medusae 1 Both show dimorphism iv
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