S t u d y G u i d e E x a m I I I P E T 3 3 2 2 A n a t o m y a n d P h y s i o l o g y I N o v e m b e r 6 2 0 1 2 Chapter The Blood Overview Blood Composition and Functions 1 Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue a Whole blood is composed of two things 55 plasma with dissolved substances and 45 formed elements 99 of the formed elements are red blood cells and the other 1 consists of white blood cells and platelet b Physically blood is more dense and viscous than water and slightly sticky It s temperature is 38 C and is slightly acid 7 35 45 When oxygenated it is bright red When is not oxygenated it is a dark red There is about 5 6 liters 1 5 gallons of blood in adult male amd 4 5 in the adult female It is classified as a connective tissue because it consists of an extracellular matrix with ground substances cells throughout The ratio of ground substances to extracellular matrix is high making it liquid unlike bones which have the opposite ratio c 2 List eight functions of blood a Transport bring things to and from cells b Nutrients amino acids vitamins minerals glucose lipids c Oxygen via red blood cells 4 O2 per heme d Wastes Urea and CO2 in gas exchange e Temperature Regulation by altering the blood flow in the skin f Immunity protection against pathogens blood clotting phagocytes lymphocytes antibodies g Communication Hormones distributed via blood h Defense clotting following a wound Blood Plasma 3 Discuss the composition and functions of plasma a Composed of 91 5 water and 8 5 solutes mostly proteins b Hepatocytes liver cells synthesize most of the plasma proteins i albumins globulins and fibrinogen c Globulins form immunoglobulins antibodies in which only allow specific types of antigens foreign bodies into the blood Formed Elements 4 Describe the structure function and production of erythrocytes a Red blood cells erythrocytes are biconcave discs about 7 um Contain hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying protein responsible for blood s red color DO NOT have a nucleus Do not have a mitochondria so do not use any oxygen they transport for energy anaerobic b Hemoglobin transports not only oxygen but also 23 of total CO2 in body the rest is c dissolved It is transported back into the lungs where it is exhaled Important for blood pressure and flow The hormone nitric oxide NO binds to hemoglobin as well Sometimes the hemoglobin will release it causing vasodilation increase in vessel diameter due to muscle relaxation This improves blood flow and increases oxygen delivery at the site d Production of RBCs i Macrophages in spleen liver or bone marrow phagocytize old cells ii Globin and heme portions are split apart iii Globin iv is broken down into amino acids to be reused to synthesize proteins is removed from the heme portion as Fe3 and attaches to transferrin for Iron movement throughout the blood v Fe3 detaches from transferrin in muscle liver and spleen to be stored in ferritin vi Fe3 is released from the ferritin and back to transferrin vii Taken to red bone marrow for erythropoiesis with globin Vit B12 and erythropoietin viii Results in RBCs which enter circulation ix The non iron portion of heme become biliverdin green and then bilirubin yellow x Bilirubin enters the blood and foes to the liver xi xii xiii Some urobilinogen is absorbed back into blood and become urobilin yellow and In liver bilirubin is released into bile which goes to small intestine and the large In large intestine bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilinogen excreted via urine xiv Most urobilinogine is eliminated in feces as stercobilin brown 5 Describe the chemical makeup of hemoglobin a Hemoglobin consists of i Globin protein with four polypeptide chains 2 alpha and 2 beta ii Heme ring like non protein with an iron ion at center which can reversibly bind one oxygen molecule allowing hemoglobin to bind 4 oxygen to its molecule 6 Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes Explain what goes wrong in each disorder a Anemia a condition of insufficient RBCs or hemoglobin quality or quantity i Result of low iron intake hemolysis autoimmune disease blood loss or lack of production in the bone marrow Iron deficiency Anemia Affects menstruating women primarily 20 to 2 men ii iii Hemorrhagic Anemia Result of precipitous blood loss results in an equal decrease in Hct Hgb content and RBC count iv Sickle cell Disease SCD 1 An autosomal recessive disorder genetic defect in the primary DNA sequence leads to production of a faulty Hgb Beta chain and RBCs that take a rigid sickle shape sickling decreases the cells flexibility and results in a variety of complication b Polycythemia a condition of excess number of RBCs i Result of hypoxia natural blood doping at high altitude shots of EPO illegal 7 List the classes structural characteristics and functions of leukocytes doping smoke COPD or dehydration a 2 Classes of White Blood Cells i Granulocytes include PMN 1 Neutrophils Most numerous 60 70 also called polymorphonucleocyte a Have a pinkish cytoplasm b 1 of 2 major phagocytes in body fight bacterial infection c Chemotaxis is when chemicals released by inflamed tissues attract phagocytes such as PMN 2 Eosinophils 2 4 of WBCs Large red granules a b Numbers increase with parasitic infection c Also associated with development of allergies 3 Basophils Large dark blue histamine containing granules a b Only 0 1 of WBCs c Play important role in the inflammatory responses ii Agranulocytes include 1 Monocytes a Come from myeloid stem cell same as granulocytes b Major group of phahocytes c Ony 3 8 of WBCs but more numerous in peripheral tissues where they act as fixed phagocytes 2 Lymphocytes a Much different than other WBCs b B cell T cell and Natural Killers c Respond only to very specific foreign antibodies d Approximately 20 30 of WBCs i Any more is called acute viral infection e Move through the lymphoid tissues lymph and blood 8 Describe how leukocytes are produced a Leukocytes either form from myeloid stem cells in bone marrow granular monocyte or from lymphoid stem cells B T and NK cells 9 Describe the structure and function of platelets a Also come from myeloid stem cells which form large megakaryoblasts that break down into thrombocytes platelets Their granules promote clotting when released in order to stop blood loss b Have a short lifespan of 5 9 days where they are removed by macrophages in spleen liver
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