Study guide Anatomy and Physiology I Exam IV December 16 2011 The Respiratory System chapter 23 Consists of nose pharyns laryna trachea bronchi lungs Structurally upper respiratory system nose nasal cavity pharynx associated structures Lower respiratory system larynx trachel bronchi lungs Functionally conducting zone consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs Include nose nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles and terminal bronchioles function is to filter warm and moisten air and conduct to lungs Respiratory zone has tubes and tissues in lungs where gas exchange occurs Includes bronchioles aveolar sacs and alveoli Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 1 List the structures and functions of the nose nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Nose internal portion is called nasal cavity External portion has supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage lined w mucous membrane undersurface of external nose are 2 openings called external nares nostrils Cartiliginous framework has septal nasal cartilage anterior nasal septum and lateral nasal cartilages inferior nasal bones and alar cartilages part of nostril wall Interior structures have 3 functions 1 warm moisten and filter incoming air 2 detecting olfactory stimuli 3 modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large hollow resonating chambers Nasal cavity is on interior and communicates w pharynx through internal nares or choanae Ducts form the paranasal sinus drain mucus and nasolacrimal ducts drain tears Bony cartilaginous framework helps keep vestibule and nasal cavity patent open or unobstructed Nasal cavity has inferior respiratory region and olfactory region Air first passes through vestibule where little hairs filter out dust etc 3 shelves formed by projections of superior middle inferior nasal conchae extend out Choncae subdivide each side of cavity into groovelike passageways the meatuses choncae and meatuses arrangement increase S A and prevents dehydration by trapping water drops Inhaled air warmed by blood in capillaries Cilia move mucus and trapped dust particles toward pharynx where they can be swallowed or spit Olfactory receptors and basal cells lie in repiratory region Pharynx throat 18cm long Starts at internal nares extends to level of cricoid cartilage Posterior to nasal and oral cavities superior to laryns anterior to cervical vertebrae Relaxed skeletal muscles help keep pharynx patent Contraction of skeletal muscles helps in swallowing Passageway for air and food resonating chamber for speech sounds and houses tonsils which help in immunological reactions against foreign invaders Has 3 regions 1 nasopharynx 2 oropharynx 3 laryngopharynx Nasopharynx is superior portion Extends to soft plate forms posterior portion of roof of mouth 5 openings in the wall 2 internal nares 2 that lead to the auditory tubes and one into the oropharynx Naso is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and cilia move mucus down to most inferior part of pharynx Naso exchanges little air with auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between pharynx and middle ear Middle part is the oropharynx Soft palate to level of hyoid bone Has 1 opening the fauces the opening from the mouth Has respiratory and digestive functions Passageway for air food drink 2 pairs of tonsils palatine and lingual tonsils are in oro Inferior portion is laryngoparynx Begins at hyoid none level toes to esophagus Both respiratory and digestive pathway Lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Paranasal sinuses drain mucus Cavities in certain cranial and facial bones lined w mucous membranes that are continuous w lining of nasal cavity Skull bones w them frontal sphenoid ethmoid maxillae Also serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing 2 Describe the structures of the pharynx larynx and trachea Pharynx above Larynx voice box Short passageway connects laryngopharynx to trachea Midline of neck anterior to esophagus C4 C6 Has 9 pieces of cartilage Single thyrpid epiglottis cricoid cart and pairs arytenoid cuneiform and corniculate cart Arytenoid are most imp cus they influence change in posision and tension of the vocal folds Cavity of larynx is space that extends from entrance into arynx down cricoid cart Above vocal cords is the vestibule of the larunx Adams apple thyroid cart Has 2 fused plates of hyaline cart Larger in males than females Epiglottis elastic cart covered w epithelium Has unattached leaf part that moves freely Pharynx and larynx rise during swallowing Elevation of larynx causes epiglottis to move down and close off glottis has a pair of folds of mucous membrane vocal folds space between called rima glottidis Closing of larynx routes foods etc into esophagus and keeps them out of larynx and airways When something goes into larynx you cough expelling the item Cricoid cartilage is hyaline cart that forms inferior wall or larynx Arytenoid cart mostly hyaline Form synovial joints w cricoid cartilage and have wide rage of mobility Corniculate cart elastic cart at apex of each arytenoid cart Lining superior to these folds in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Trachea windpipe Tubular passageway for air 12cm long and 2 5cm in diameter Anterior to esophagus Extends from larynx to superior border of T5 where divides into R and L primary bronchi Layers of trachel wall deep to superficial 1 mucosa 2 submucosa 3 hyaline cartilage 4 adventitia composed of areolar CT mucosa has epithelial layer of pseudeostartified ciliated columnar epithelium and underlying layer of lamina propria Protection against dust like in nasal cavity and larynx Submucosa has areolar CT that has seromucous glands and their ducts There are 16 20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage shape c stacked and connected by dense CT open part faces posteriorly toward the esophagus and is spanned by a fibromuscular membrane In this is transverse smooth muscle fibers called trachealis muscle and elastic CT that allows diameter to change during inhale and exhale C shape helps maintain patency so it doesn t collapse inward Adventitia has areolar CT that joins trachea to surrounding tissues 3 Explain the structure of the lungs and the vascular and neural networks that supply them Lungs in thoracic cavity Separated by heart Gives thoracic cavity 2 distinct chambers Each is enclosed and protected by a double layer serous membrane pleural membrane Superficial layer parietal
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