Objectives for Lecture 20 Protista Primitive Eukaryotes Not plants animals nor fungi They re the weird things Heterotrophic slime mold Autotrophic Algae Primary Endosymbiosis Green Algae Chloro One endosymbiotic event Unicellular Simple to complex Secondary Endosymbiosis All other types of algae Eat one that gets eaten 3 things total Uni to multi cellular 4 layer membrane bound chloroplasts Simple Understand the differences between the three basic life cycle types zygotic meiosis gametic meiosis and sporic meiosis or alternation of generations Zygotic Sporic Alt of Gen Gametic Meiosis gamete formation Humans and Diatoms Oogamy Zygote 1n sporophyte spores 2n Independent sporophytes and gametophytes Gametophytes in Gametagangium Spores in Sporangium Angiosperms Iso and Oogamous Ulva Occurs in zygote germination Gametophyte and parents haploid Fuse into diploid zygote Zygote undergoes meiosis RESTS then germinates into s and s Angiosperms Isogamy Know the features that green algae share with land plants the evidence that land plants evolved from green algae Retained to be nurtured by mother Sporopollenin no embryo Apical meristem Partial cuticle and stomata ABA present in algae Be able to name the five evolutionary trends within the green algae o Egg not shed protected o Embryo attached to gametophyte with independent sporophytes and gametophytes Such as the human o Partial cuticle stomates o Embryophytes sporophyte dominant o Bryophytes gametophytes dominant o Colonized land 450 mya Know the life cycle of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas o Asexual Absorbs flagellum haploids divide zoospores develop in parent cell zoospores burst out of parent zoospores grow o Sexual Low P and N in environment Focus more on few progeny wil higher chance of Gamete a haploid survival Haploids divide to make and gametes Shed cell walls and fuse to be 2n zygote Rest zygospore Emerge under good conditions reproductive cell gametes fuse in gamete Isogamy same sized gametes MANY gametes produced Fewer resources given to each pairs forming diploid Oogamy Large female small male gamete Can focus more nutrients on fewer progeny for a Understand the meaning of zygotes higher chance of survival Know that Ulva has alternation of generations with independent gametophytes that form in the gametangium and Sporophytes that form in sporangium Know the approximate date at which plants colonized the land was 450 mya Objectives for Lecture 21 Protista Other algae Know what phytoplankton are and what the biological and ecological importance is o Phytoplankton tiny aquatic photosynthetic microorganisms responsible for primary production of organic compounds from CO2 in the WATER Responsible for O2 gas Causes blooms Know what rides tides are what organisms cause them and what their environmental and health effects are Red Tide masses of dinoflagellates that can release toxins Poisons animals and waters Occurs when phytoplankton populations are not contained Be able to name the polysaccharides from red and brown algae that are economically important as emulsifying agents colloidal stabilizers and thickening agents Agar capsules cosmetics culture medium gel electr Carrageenan paints cosmetic dairy beer clarifier Nori suhi Euglenoid Green Algae Cryptomonads Dinoflaggelates Diatoms Brown Red unicelled Particle uptake Chl a b carot No cell wall Flagella Marine or fresh Asexual Uni to multi Photosynthetic Unicelled 2 Particle uptake Chl a b carotenoids Cellulose Closest to land plants Yes or no Fresh Both Zygo mei Chl a c phycobi No cell wall Nucleomorph 2 endo 2 flagella Marine or Fresh Phytoplankton Asexual Know what zooxanthellae are unicelled Photosynthetic and heterotrophs Chl a c carotenoids Cellulose plates 2 flagella Marine Phytoplanton Both sexual rare unicelled photosynthe tic Multicelled Photosynthetic Multicelled Photosynthetic Chl a c carot Chl a c carot Silica 2 portions Cellulose and alginic acid heterokonts Marine heterokonts Marine Both Both aog Chl a and phycobilins Cellulose agar carrageenan CaCO3 No flagella Marine and fresh water Both aog o Endosymbiotes that lost their cell walls and provide carbs to the host Corals require for photosynthesis Little rounded tips of anemones o Make photosynthesis more effective Know what the term heterokont refers to and which algae are heterokonts o Heterokont 2 differently shaped flagella o Diatoms and Brown Algae For the brown algae know the basic body plan is a blade stipe and holdfast and understand why some brown algae have to have sieve tubes Sieve tubes used for the large fan structures to receive nutrients Objectives for Lecture 22 Bryophytes Be able to name the three major groups of bryophytes o Mosses Hornworts Liverworts adaptations to dry land found in bryophytes o Gametes produced in Antheridia and Archegonia with retention by the mother with a protective cell layer EGG NOT SHED Sperm has to work for it s prize o Zygotic meiosis o Gametophyte dominant o Unbranched Diploid sporophyte contains many spores allows more in number o Sporopollenin resistant to decay and drying out o AMS o Partial Cuticle Stomates o ABA Holdfast Shortcomings of the Bryophte o Wet locations o Water needed for sexual reproduction o Rhizoids anchor not true roots Know the meaning of the Embryophyte retention of sporophyte in archegonium Bryophytes and vascular plants Sporophyte dominant and branched Tracheophytes lignigied tissues to stransport things Fern allies Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms Seed plants seeds and pollen flowers and fruit Gymno and Angio Trends in land plant evolution Know the basic body plan of the gametophytes of o liverworts Thallus Undifferentiated body Haploid gametophyte air chambers with pores for floating and photosynthesizing Surface pores stomata rhizoids anchorage and water uptake Gemmae multicell bodies Asexual reproduction of Gametophytes Gametophores sexual reproduction of gametes Monoecious plants Alternation of Generations Dominant gametophyte nourishes sporophyte Sperm must swim to egg Thallus o Moss Many stomata ONE chloroplast per cell like algae stalks with leafy blades for photosynthesis form from protonema rhizoids for anchoring and water uptake only Reproduction starts with a filamentous protonema Monoecious Sperm must swim Capsule with operculum covering and peristome Spore released on dry days Be able to outline the sexual reproduction of bryophytes Haploid gamete spore diploid spore Sexual Reproduction of bryophytes Alternation of
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