Exam 6 Study Guide Chapter 14 Audiology and Hearing Loss o Incidence and Prevalence of hearing loss 10 of US population has hearing loss 3 in 1 000 births result in child with hearing loss Most common birth defects 1 in 1 000 birth results in child who is deaf deafness moderate to serve with minimal word discrimation 83 in 1 000 children in the US has educationally significant hearing loss Even mild hearing loss Through parent consent 95 of babies are screened within 1 moth within most states Failure to identify hearing loss and provide early intervention can lead to many difficulties Has a lot to do with new detection technology o Hearing Loss through the Lifespan Infants Psychosocial aspects of hearing loss o 95 of children with hearing loss are born to hearing parents o Psychological social emotional consequences Parents go through these consequences as well Kubler Ross Grief cycle social issues o Stage One Shock o Stage Two Denial o Stage Three Anger o Stage Four Depression Mourn the loss of having the perfect child o Stage Five Accepting Focus on what they have to do for child to have a normal life Professionals must o Explore psychological issues o Determine full impact of hearing loss How affect family routine schooling social and emotional growth Classification of impairment disability and handicap How to asses based on impairment disability and handicap o Impairment Damage of area Loss of structure or function o Disability Result of the damage Functional consequences of impairment o Handicap How society views impairment and the person with impairment Psychosocial consequences of impairment All experience impairment most experience disability not all experience handicap Deafness the Deaf community and Deaf culture Deaf Community o Always uppercase D o Group who views deafness with a sense of pride sense of belonging Becomes a culture and identity maker Culture group of people who share values language etc Deaf vs deaf o Deaf means one is part of the deaf culture American sign language language o People whose to use ASL voluntary o The language of the Deaf o Fosters cohesion and identity o Builds up network o Schools for the Deaf allow for interaction using ASL Those who are part of Deaf community often marry other with similar cultural ideals o Share sane idea values etc Many desire children who are deaf Communication with non signing people can be inhibited o Not uncommon for teenager to limit interaction with people who don t sign Some view speech language pathology and audiology negatively o Some believe that the person is limiting himself or herself by joining deaf culture o What is Audiology How to treat Discipline involved in o Fundamental of Sounds schools and universities Prevention and assessment of auditory vestibular and related impairments as well as habilitation rehabilitation and maintenance o Vestibular balance disorders o Habilitation specific treatment designed to help someone who is pre lingual deaf o Rehabilitation treatment for those who acquired hearing loss after they acquired language Provide counseling prescribing and fitting amplification various therapies o Amplification hearing aids Work in healthcare hospitals nursing homes etc Audiologist Understanding how we view sound Must be an energy source speaker and a receptor listener Speaker produces sounds and vibrations Listener detects sound through hear Series of compressions and rarefactions that move outward from a vibrating source Compressions coming together and refractions bouncing of air molecules o Creates the sound waves Sound waves propagates to the ear for detection Measurement for sound Amplitude loudness o Distance a vibrating objects travels determines intensity measure in decibels dB Frequency pitch o Cycles per second measured in Hertz Hz How sound travels Via air conduction or bone conduction o Air conduction make way to outer ear How it travels Starts at the outer ear Travels to the ear canal to then the middle ear Vibrations of the ear drum then vibrates the three bones The vibrations disturbs fluid in the inner ear near the cochlea The vibrations of the fluid turns into energy and is sent to auditory nerve The auditory nerve transmits to the brain o Bone conduction sound energy vibrates bones of a skull Starts at the cochlea inner ear and finishes like the air conduction But skull bones vibrate as well Audibility vs Intelligibility Audibility the ability to detect the presence of a given sound o For example can hear a bird flying pencil tapping etc o Tied with amplitude Intelligibility The ability to recognize and understand what is heard o Discriminate sound Speech from non speech o Tied with frequency Hearing loss affects both audibility and intelligibility o Phonemes have different frequencies Hearing loss based on loss in hearing system o Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System The Outer ear Responsible for funneling sound waves o Transports to ear canal Pinna Enhances sound Aids localization External auditory meatus Elliptical tube lined with skin Extends from cochlea to tympanic membrane ear drum Glands that produce cerumen Resonator The Middle Ear Tympanic membrane ear drum o Vibrates in response to sound o 3 layers o Rubbery elastic tissue Must remain flexible for vibrations Middle ear space tympanic cavity o Air filled lined with mucous membranes housed in temporal bone Eustachian tube o Connects middle ear with nasopharynx Ossicles bones in ossicular chain o Malleus o Incus o Stapes Footplate of stapes rests on oval window Middle ear infection o Fluid creates pressure and eardrum looses flexibility so sound waves can t move The Inner Ear Cochlea o Provides auditory input to the central auditory system nerve o Pea sized coiled structure o The inner ear cells keep sound moving to auditory Damage to cells can t be transported to auditory nerve o Two concentric labyrinths Outer Bony filled with perilymph Inner Membranous filled with endolymph o Hair cells o Steroocillia Inner and outer Bent through movement of basilar and tectorial membranes Chemical tramitters released Creates neuroelectric energy Malfunction obstruction or damage of the outer or middle ear Impacts audibility sound waves not being transmitted o Not total loss of hearing Most are not permanent function Disorders of the outer ear o Once identified can be reversed and restored o Microtia small malformed pinna o Atresia complete closure of external auditory canal To fix need to create auditory canal o