Intro Lecture 1 Terms to Know Kingdom 5 groups that every living organism are split into Phylum division of organisms within each kingdom Class division of organisms within each phylum Order division of organisms within each class Family group of related organisms in each order Genus generic name for an animal Species specific animal within a genus Classification hierarchal system of organization for all living things Systematics coming up with phylogenetic hypotheses and testing them Phylogeny working out evolutionary relationships between different taxa Animalia Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic organisms the bulk of this class Plantae kingdom including all plants multicellular eukaryotic Fungi kingdom including fungi multicellular eukaryotic Protista everything that isn t in the other 4 kingdoms Monera bacteria and archaea prokaryotic 1 The difference between classification and phylogeny Understand This Phylogeny is the process of ordering organisms based on their evolution or what they are derived from Classification is about organizing all living things based on different criteria such as DNA structure or other things that relate them Basically phylogeny is based in an evolutionary standpoint and classification in current attributes 2 The meaning of form and function The best way to understand this is to remember that Form Follows Function It basically just means that organisms are built in a way that maximizes the efficiency of a certain function For example Trematoda function as parasites Their body has two suckers that allow them to attach to their host Form suckers follows function latch on to host 3 The problems with 2 and 5 Kingdom approaches Problems with the 2 Kingdom approach Microscopy being able to see really tiny organisms in a microscope led to the discovery of organisms with plant AND animal characteristics It also led to the discovery of things like fungi and bacteria which do not belong to either group Also study of cell structure revealed that many organisms are not as alike as we thought Though they may look and move the same their evolutionary record may be very different Problems with the 5 Kingdom approach The group Protista is basically a mish mash of everything that wouldn t fit into the other 4 groups Many of the organisms in Protista are unrelated in form The group Monera is extremely different from the other groups because it is the group of Prokaryotic cells 4 Know the 3 domain classification Eukaryotes Archaea and Bacteria Eukaryote Diversity Terms to Know Excavata unicellular eukaryotes including Euglenozoa Rhizaria unicellular organisms including some amoebas Archaeplastida Viridiplantae and relatives algae and land plants Chromalveolata includes Alveolata and Stramenopiles Unikonts Opisthokonts and other Amebas and Slime Molds Alveolates Ciliates Apicomplexans Dinoflagellates Amoebas lobose cells that move with psuedopodia Cellular Slime Molds have two major stages in life cycle that include multicellular and unicellular parts Plasmodial Slime Molds huge multinucleate amebas that are web like Cilia short flagellae for locomotion Flagella string like structure that helps in locomotion Pseudopodia extension of an ameba that help pull it around Test shell like structure around organism Phylum Features Classification Phylum Protista Class Ciliophora Ciliata Class Sporozoa Apicomplexa Class Euglenozoa Class Sarcodina Organization Unicellular colonial Embryonic Development N A Symmetry N A Skeleton Support Movement Locomotion Sarcodina have tests shell like structures on the outside Radiolarians specifically have glass silica tests that can be very pretty Other skeletal structures include a pellicle thin tough membrane and cysts Ciliata use cilia Sarcodina use pseudopodia to move through cytoplasmic streaming Euglenozoa use flagella Sporozoa are parasitic and do not move around Sensory Nervous Digestion Feeding No nervous system but can detect stimuli Autotrophic and Heterotrophic intracellular digestion Ciliates are filter feeders Sporozoa are parasitic and receive nutrients from their host Excretory Osmoregulation Diffusion contractile vacuoles can engulf or spit things out Circulation Diffusion Respiration Diffusion Reproduction Asexual cell division binary fission budding Sexual Conjugation syngamy Phylum Porifera Sponges Terms to Know Choanoflagellate free living single celled aquatic eukaryotes believed to be the closest living relative of animals Comparative Genomics the study of different organism s genomes to learn about their evolution Cell Adhesion Molecules located on the outer cell layer that help bind with other cells or with the extra cellular matrix Calcarea class distinguished by its 3 4 ray calcium spicules can be asconoid leuconoid or syconoid forms Hexactinellida class distinguished by their 6 ray silica spicules leuconoid form Demospongiae class distinguished by silica sppiculs and or spongen leuconoid form Filterfeeder organisms that feed by straining small animals and matter from the water Sessile attached to something usually the ocean floor Choanocyte flagellated collar cells used for feeding can become sperm Spongocoel central cavity in sponges with an opening to the environment Mesohyl acellular gelatin located between a layer of choanocytes and a layer of pinacocytes Ostium channel leading from outside to inside the sponge Osculum opening from the spongocoel to the environment Spicule needle like structures that help classify sponges Spongin collagen protein providing skeletal support in Demospongiae Archaeocyte Amoebocyte totipotent cells can become egg cells Pinacocyte outer layer forming a loose pinacoderm simply an outer covering Porocyte surround canal opening can contract to regulate water flow into the sponge form prosopyle Monoecious one house sperm and egg cells are housed in one organism Dioecious two houses sperm and egg cells are in different organism that must find each other to reproduce Gemmule ball of totipotent cells used in asexual reproduction Parenchymula Larva ball of cells with flagella on the outside Asconoid the smallest sponge form size of your pinky nail simplest water flow Syconoid slightly bigger than the asconoid sponges complex water flow Leuconoid largest sponges most are this type complex water flow Prosopyle first pore one cell leading from the incurrent canal Apopyle multiple cells leading to the spongocoel 1 Body Organization There are three body forms in Porifera Understand This
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