SPA2001 TEST 2 STUDY GUIDE The Physiological subsystems supporting speech Three supporting systems o Respiratory system Primary biological function is life support Supply oxygen to blood and remove excess carbon dioxide Second function is to supply source of speech Generating source for speech production Structures Pulmonary apparatus Lungs trachea 2 bronchi and pulmonary airways Chest walls Rib cage wall abdominal wall abdominal content and diaphragm o Laryngeal system o Articulatory Resonating system o Muscles Inspiratory Muscles Generally above diaphragm Thoracic and neck muscles External intercostals pectoralis major pectoralis minor serratus anterior levatores constratum and sterncidomastiod o Support muscles problem would lead to decreased inspiration over shallow breathing External intercostals o Move ribs cage up and out o When ribs cages move up and out diaphragm moves downward o Air ruses into the lungs inspiration o Move rib cage down and in o Diaphragm moves upward at the same time relaxed diaphragm o Air goes out of lungs expiration Muscles of the abdomen o External oblique internal oblique transverse abdominals rectus abdominals Muscles of Expiration Generally below the diaphragm Internal intercostals Physiology of Tidal Breathing and Speech Breathing Resting Tidal Breathing o Breathing to sustain life o Inspiration diaphragm contracts rib cage and lungs expand lung volume increases and air pressure drops causing air to rush in external muscles o Expiration Rib cage wall size decreases lungs are compressed pressure within lungs increases causing air to rush out internal muscles Speech Breathing speech o Inspiration Rapid greater amount air o Expiration Much longer than inspiration Expiration is longer because it controls breathing for speech Volume rate etc o Inspiratory and expiratory muscles are both activated during speech When nervous about speech shallow breathing Slow rate of speech Focus on speech breathing Respiratory cycle consists of one inhalation and one exhalation Lifespan issues of respiratory systems Resting tidal breathing rate decreased from birth to adulthood o More alveoli in lungs Increases in lung capacity More air per breath Maximum lung capacity reached in early adulthood o Remains constant until middle age Respiratory function affected by exercise health and smoking o Especially when older Breath quicker when younger o Babies 30 80 breathes per minute o At age 30 about 20 30 per minute o Adults 17 22 per minute Structures of the Laryngeal System Remains constant till older Hyoid bone Cartilages Vocal folds o Located at the top of the Larynx o Thyroid cricoids arytenoids epiglottis o Adams apple located in Thyroid cartilage o 5 layers o Attach to thyroid cartilage in front and arytenoids back Muscles of the Larynx o Intrinsic Posterior cricoarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid interarytenoid thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid o Extrinsic Sternothyroid thyrohyoid inferior constructor muscles Lifespan Issues of the Laryngeal System Newborns o Larynx small and high in the neck o Close to hyoid bone time 10 20 years of age Makes it possible for infants to breathe and nurse at the same o Larynx reaches final position Laryngeal cartilages become pliable with age o When bones harden age 2 less flexibility o Males and females bones grow at different levels o Vocal fold afrity less flexible with age and thickens loss elasticity Vocal folds increase in length differentially for males and females o Infant 4 6 mm o Age 6 8 9 mm o Males vs Female stay around equal to each other until puberty Female 12 mm Male 15 25 mm o Adulthood Males 29 mm Females 21 mm Males vocal folds are more relaxed lower pitch Women have higher pitch voices have tighter shorter vocal bands less relaxation Articulatory Resonating Systems Composed of o Oral Cavity o Nasal cavity o Pharyngeal cavity o Vocal tract Acoustic tube that shapes sound energy produced by respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds Anything above hyoid bone is considered supralaryngeal tracts Structures of Articulatory Resonating Systems o Facial skeletons and cranium 22 bones o Teeth Adults have 32 in alveolar processes of the mandible and maxilla hard palate composed of bone maxilla Avilla processes in this area under the teeth Teeth add shape for vocal tract Incisors help with sounds like Ta and Da o Tongue Muscular hydrostat No bone or cartilage muscles and connective tissue only Five components Body Rood Dorsum Blade Tongue tip Intrinsic muscles Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Vertical Transverse Extrinsic muscles Styloglossus Palatoglossus Hygolossus Genioglossus Velum Part of the Pharyngeal cavity Hanging part in back of throat o Normal function to elevate for speech sound production separates nasal and pharyngeal cavity Separation happens it is called velopharyngeal closure Helps keep air from escaping cavity vocal Must happen for speech product Nasal emission air exiting out of nasal cavity during speech Lifespan Issues o Bones of the skull reach adult size by 8 years of age o Newborns have 45 separate skull bones that fuse into 22 at adulthood that is why they have soft spots o Lower facial bones mandible and maxilla reach adult size at 18 years o Dentition emerges around 6 months and it complete around 3 years Secondary dentition complete around 18 years old Dental influences speech sounds when relating to consonants Malocclusion over bite or under bite Change in oral tract based on how teeth grown in o Newborn tongue reaches adult size around 16 years of age o Length and volume of the oral cavity increases throughout development Changes in overall resonant characteristics o Characteristics of vocal tract change How vibrations happens The Speech Production Process Beings with Phonation o Vibrations of vocal folds Tracheal alveolar pressure o Air pressure beneath adducted vocal folds o Vocal folds must be closed for vocal fold air pressure to build up Fundamental frequency number of open and closed cycle within vocal fold Harmonics higher frequencies of how the vocal fold vibrates o Multiples of your fundamental frequency Vertical phase difference o The upper portion of the vocal folds is displaced after the lower portion o Movements of the tongue lips and larynx change the shape of the vocal tract and modify sounds Central Nervous System Consists of the brain spinal cord and associated nerve and sense organs o Brain has the left and right hemisphere Neuron o Basic unit of the nervous