EXAM 1 1 Use the class notes as a guideline for the exam Example Functions of Membrane Proteins Transport Enzymatic activity Receptors for signal transduction Reading just this will not be enough Thus you will have to read page 68 integral proteins peripheral paragraphs and page 69 first paragraph 2 Those slides covered with more detail in the lectures will be more important for the examExample I spent more time on transport mechanisms to cross the cell membrane 3 Chapters have too much information thus those concepts that were not covered in class will not be in the exam Example Golgi Apparatus peroxisomes and cytoskeleton Definitions are important to understand differences between mechanisms that have some similarities 6 Levels of Organization 1 chemical level 2 cellular level 3 tissue level 4 organ level 5 system level 6 organimsal level Homeostatic Control Mechanisms center 1 Stimulus detects change and sends an impulse to a control 2 Receptor detects change in controlled conditions 3 Control Center decides type amt of response required 4 Effector reacts to signals from the control center produces the required response Negative Feedback Systems Acts to stabilize the body in the face of changing external and internal conditions These systems cause an opposite reaction to an initial change and so are self limiting Most body systems use the neg feedback systems to reverse a controlled condition caused by stress or a stimulus o Ex If BP is high we want to bring it back down to normal levels IF BP is low we want to bring it back to normal levels Homeostasis bring back to normal level Positive Feedback Systems Are important in specific situations when a rapid or The response is the same as that caused by the An outside event must break the positive feedback strong effect is desired initial change ex Childbirth cycle Membrane Permeability and nonpolar molecules are able to pass Small The permeability of membranes to ion polar easily through the phospholipid bilayer molecules depends on the numbers of specific transport proteins Concentration Gradients How quickly ions and molecules cross depends on o Concentration gradients o Electric gradients Passive Vs Active Trasnport Passive Transport o Spontaneous o Chemicals moved based on their kinetic energy o Movement from higher to lower concentration Non polar molecules simple diffusion Ions ion channels Polar molecules carrier mediated facilitated diffusion Active processes o Used stored energy o Energy input is required for chemicals to move o Movement from lower to higher concentration Ex Primary and secondary active transport Osmosis Most membranes are selectively permabile and allow water to move much more quickly than many solutes Water moves in response to differences in solute concentrations and water always moves towards the higher solute level HYPOTONTIC SOLUTION conc Inside the cell Conc Extracellular fluid is lower than the Gains water Ruptures hemolysis of red blood cells o The solutes attract water inside the HYPERTONIC SOLUTION cell higher then the fluid inside the cell Conc Of fluid outside the cell is Loses water Shrinks o Water outside the cell is more concentrated ISOTONIC SOLUTION Conc Of fluid inside the cell is the same as the fluid inside the cell SPECIFIC QUESTIONS FIGAROA PUT ON THE STUDY GUIDE Simple diffusion vs facilitated diffusion Simple Diffusion o nonpolar and lipid soluble substances o Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer o Gradient o concentration o electrical Facilitated Diffisuion o movement of solutes with the help of membrane proteins o requires a protein facilitator o these substances are NOT lipid soluble o Two types o Channel Mediated electrolytes o Carrier Mediated glucose amino acids size creates the difference as to which channel will be used Facilitated diffusion vs active transport Facilitated Diffusion o movement of proteins with the help of membrane proteins o requires a protein facilitator o substances are NOT lipid soluble o Two types o Channel mediated electrolytes o Carrier mediated glucose amino acids Active Transport o Chemicals move uphill against their o ENERGY IS REQUIRED concentration gradients o 3 types Primary active transport ATP energy source Secondary active transport Transport in vesicles Ion gradients energy source o Some large molecules enter endocytosis leave exocytosis cells w out being broken down o Primary active transport vs secondary active transport Primary Active Trasport concentration gradient o pumps ions uphill against their o Energy from ATP hydrolosis is used to power o The Na K pump is an example of this is this process an antiport Secondary Active Transport gradient o Moves ions or molecules uphill against concentration o Energy from an existing ion gradient powers this process o Symporters antiporters are two types of secondary active transport many specific examples of each type exist in cells o Antiport vs symportOsmosis Antiport Osmosis active transport o Primary o energy ATP to move against concn Grad o NA K pump o Transports substances in opposite directions Symport Osmosis o SECONDARY active transport o Transports both substances in the same direction o ENERGY o Na from high low o Glucose amino acids low high o Definition of epithelium covers internal and external surfaces of the body Epithelial tiessues also form secretory glands o Types of epithelium o Named by 1 Arrangement of cells in layers o simple o pseudostratified o stratified 2 Cell shape o squamous cells o cuboidal cells o columnar cells o transitional cells o Where do we find epitheliums Type of epithelium is related to the tissue s function Some epitheliums have specific names endocardium endothelium pleura peritoneum etc o Visceral and parietal epithelial membranes covering specific body cavities Serous Membranes cover the outside surface of organs that are not exposed to the outside and secrete a water fluid 1 Parietal Serosa attaches to the body wall around the organ 2 Viseral Serosa attaches to the organs themselves o Glandular epithelium exocrine vs endocrine Endocrine glands secrete hormones Exocrine glands secrete material into ducts or directly onto apical surface o Connective tissue CT serve varied structural functions as well as energy storage fluid transport and others o Four Types Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone blood o Elements of CT Ground substance fibers and cells You have to know how the elements are different in all the CTs cells blast and cytes o Ground
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