Final Exam Study Guide Myriapoda Chilopda centipedes Diplopoda millipedes Hexapoda Insecta Apterygota Pterygota 2 divisions 1 Exopterygota hemimetabolous Odonata Orthoptera Isoptera Hemiptera Homoptera 2 Endopterygota holometabolous Coleoptera Lepidoptera Diptera Hymenoptera PHYLUM ARTHOPODA II Subphyla Class Subclass Divisions Orders General Characteristics Symmetry Bilateral Uniramous appendages are unbranched so just one branch 1 pair of antennae mandibles jaws present 2 pairs of maxillae usually body is covered with a waxy cuticular exoskeleton Circulatory System open circulatory system consisting of a hemocoel filled with hemolymph blood the hemoceol is a remnant of the blastocoel this is the main body cavity in arthropods the true coelom is reduced to small areas housing gonads sometimes excretory organs blood empties into sinuses to bathe organs and tissues and returns directly from the hemocoel to the heart through ostia Gas Exchange tracheal tubes open to the outside by valved spiracles if juveniles are aquatic they may have gills Digestive System complete with regionalized specialization foregut midgut absorption of nutrients hindgut inner cuticle lining gets molting as well Excretion malpighian tubules allows insects to conserve H2O withstand terrestrial environments at end of hindgut insects resorb water along with K Na ions Reproduction separate sexes usually internal fertilization terrestrial few show maternal care sexual cannibalism in some Muscular System direct flight muscles pull the wings down indirect flight muscles contact to pull body wall down wings get uplifted by default when relaxed body wall moves up and wings move down some insects have both e g Orthoptera Odonata or ONLY indirect muscles Diptera Hymenoptera CLASS CHILOPODA Centipedes Characteristics active predators Dorsoventrally flattened body with 2 Tagmata Head and trunk 1 pair of appendages per segment Some have poison claws CLASS DIPLOPODA Millipedes Characteristics herbivores detritivores 2 Tagmata with cylindrical bodies 2 pairs of append per somite 2 pairs of spiracles per somite Some secrete defensive toxic fluids from special glands hydrogen cyanide CLASS INSECTA General Characteristics primarily terrestrial Conserve H2O by waxy waterproof cuticle valved spiracles malpighian tubules conserve h2O Organization 3 Tagmata o Head 6 segments 1 pair of antennae o Thorax 3 segments 2 legs segment 3 pairs total o Abdomen 11 segments Embryonic Develop Eucoelomates protostomes where blastopore mouth o Schizocoelous spiral cleavage det cell fate Skeleton Support Movement Locomotion Exoskeleton Bilateral Symm jointed appendages and muscles o Apodeme site of muscle attachment onto exoskeleton o Flight wings usually 2 pairs and diff types 1 Membranous Hymenoptera 2 Plated Coleoptera 3 Scaly Lepidoptera 4 Balance organ Diptera halteres Ventral nerve cord w ganglia Compound eyes tympanic membranes Sensory Nervous sense vibrations Digestion Feeding complete 3 guts o Foregut lined with cuticle derived frm ectoderm Located in head region 1 2 Mechanical processing protoventriculus and gastric mill 3 Mouth parts highly modified mandible maxillae labia Excretion Osmoregulation Circulation Respiration Tracheal system w spiracles in body wall Malpighian tubules and open circulation Reproduction Dioecious with internal fertilization o Spermatophore sperm pkts of male spermatatheca female storage o Elaborate Courtship o Metamoprhosis Transfromation of growing non reproducing immature state to non growing reprod adult state 1 Ametabolous 2 Hemimetabolous incomplete metamorphosis mini adult stage nymph no metamorphosis no wings primitive e g silverfish wings develop as little buds egg nymph adult like adult wings develop on INSIDE egg larvae pupa adult complete metamorphosis middle stage looks NOTHING 3 Holometabolous o Diapause state of dormancy in response to environmental cues hibernations during winter and aestivation during summer Subclass Apterygota ametabolous and wingless Subclass Pterygota Exopterygota Endopterygota Exopterygota wings develop inside hemimetabolous 5 Orders 1 Odonata large membranous wings e g damsel dragon flies 2 Orthoptera Chewing mouthparts e g grasshoppers crickets roaches mantids Isoptera most stages no wings complex social organization e g termites 3 4 Hemiptera True Bugs form X on back predacious e g bedbugs assassin bugs stink bugs 5 Homoptera Wings make home over back ALL are phytophagus suck plant juices e g cicadas aphids leafhoppers Endopterygota Wings develop outside 4 Orders 1 Coleoptera largest order in the world front wings have a plated aromor covering elytra e g beetles fireflies weevils grubs Lepidoptera Scaly wings Butterflies smooth antennae moths fuzzy antennae 2 3 Diptera True flies One set of flying wings and second set for balance halters 4 Hymenoptera biting mandibles and venomous e g ants wasps bees Why So Diverse due to body plan capable of great modification adaptive radiation e g flight disperse to new habitats better food sources escape bad situations small size can exploit more niches short generation time recall natural selection criteria metamorphosis use 1 niche life stages don t compete winged adults dispersal adaptations to terrestrial environments e g waterproof cuticle tracheal system etc sophisticated sensory system sophisticated behavior and communication co evolutionary interactions with other organisms e g plant mutualisms and parasitism Insect Ecology insects are important pollinators many flowering plants have co evolved with their specific insect pollinators some develop rewards top attract pollinators e g extra floral nectarines attract ants and displays to advertise these rewards e g nectar guides Eusocial insects hymenoptera isoptera live in societies char by cooperative care of young overlapping generations polymorphism o caste sys Queen male reproductives fertile workers soldiers sterile o Altruism by giving up reprod caring for another s offspring KIN THEORY o Kin Theory Individuals in colony are related share genes so overall fitness of an individual s genes passed on remains high even if they don t reproduce o Haplo diploid sex det Queen eggs female diploid fertilized usually sterile or male haploid unfertilized Queens can store sperm and use this method to determine ctrl sex of her offspring Insect Parasitism Parasitic insects are usually only parasites for part of their lives e g mosquito however some insects are parasites for their
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