Exam Two Study Guide Central do Brasil Review o How and why do people form emotional bonds Human specific abilities on display Nora writes letters o Mostly in support of social relationships o Humans maintain relationships with people who are distant in time and place network vs groups emotional relationships o Humans have empathy we share emotion we share information About social relationships o Humans are only species able to have network communicate with those thousand miles a way o Josue s Intelligence Curiosity in children to find answers More interested in new things Children can be creative problem solvers Children have different brain than adults o Reacts to their environment differently Growth and Development Progress towards maturity involves changes in physical structure and changes in behavior Behavior o The movement that animals make N Tinbergen o Motor ability behaviors Motor development Profound changes during the first year of life o Parallels profound changes in size on velocity Early reflexive behavior curve Moro reflex seen in many primates o Very limited motor movement at birth o When losing height infant s arms go to the side and fists the hands o Stepping reflex Put infants feet on surface infant will move few steps reflexively Without thinking about it Not processed in the brain Only happens for first two weeks Profound emergent behaviors o Crawling o Walking o Hand movements At 16 weeks no contact At 20 weeks contact only primitive squeeze At 24 weeks squeeze grasp o Arnold Gesell founded Clinic of Child Development at Yale in 1911 Motion picture camera to study the development of normal infants and young children Developed Gesell Developmental schedules o Trends in Motor ability 3 7 years old Increase in strength more muscle more bone less fat Increase in control precision coordination o Locomotion Balance pivot stop quickly New gaits hop skip gallop age specific o Upperbody only hominoid primates can do this kind of overhand throwing Throwing and catching o Hands Individual finger control Holding writing making instruments Holding writing marking instrument is human specific Humans have more versatility in hands and figure movements than other primates o Adults are two Dimensional whiles less mature humans are three dimensional o The preschool years can very aptly be called the play years Running chasing galloping balancing an climbing Play o What is play Hard to define Simply a term that may be applied to behavior as long as behavior seems incomplete or otherwise useless o Doesn t serve purpose of aggression Characteristics of play Short sequences of motor patterns Repetitious Recording Exaggeration uneconomical Rapid alternations of behavior No obvious immediate benefit Metacommunication This is play o Smiling o Vocalization Done on one inhalation and Primate grunting exhalation Humans laughing Done on expiration exhalation Most frequent play amongst primates Locomotion play o No immediate benefit o Most common o Spend most energy Cost of play o Time and energy expenditure o Accidental injury or death o Increased risk of behavior o Delay of maturation o Who plays Fagen found that almost all reported examples of play were found in birds and mammals Gorilla Immature play more adults less mostly travel feed and rest o Activity level in feral lowlands gorillas o Play is major category of motor behavior for immature gorillas Play Continued Play o Subject for study for last 50 60 years Human specific abilities on display Proposed benefit Practice Knowledge Bonding Flexibility Easy to recognize when seen Repeated action Energy isn t used to grow or build muscles Face posture vocalization o Do some mammals play more o Not without cost No quantitative data certain times Play is found exclusively in immature mammals at o Not good data in amount of play child plays per day Impressionistically play quiet a bit and playful throughout lifespan J Huizinga calls human play species o Studies of mice domestic cats sheep and baboons Aren t playful after birth Play appears quickly Rate of play falls quickly to zero or near zero Rate of human locomotors play from birth to sexual maturity Byers p 216 o Play in Parakana Children Hunter gathers Physiologically shaped by mechanics Discrepancies exist between modern and ancestral May increase and create physical problems and reduce environmental quality of life o Hunter gathers play Neither hurt nor gather Underage 7 mostly a playful life Associated with peers o Play together in the absence of adults In mammals mostly solitary and limited play groups o Exercise play with wide locomotors movements o Exercise play with objects example walking on stilts o Object play fine motor movements o Construction play build tents forts etc o Social contingency play o Rough and tumble play Almost a version of locomotors play o Fantasy play imitating behavior of adults symbolic play o Games with rules invent games and enforce rules with one another o Denotes it is exclusive to humans New kinds of play More objects play More construction primates have their own version Symbolic play Games with play Quantity of play Film o Dare Mo Shiranai Nobody knows Four siblings 4 12 years living in Tokyo Child like single mother Akira is responsible parent a caretaker who exhibiting coping behavior Characters Shigeru 6 year old brother Akira 12 year old boy Kyoko 10 year old sister Yuki 4 year old sister Keiko 30 mother Saki 13 14 year old who becomes a friend Film Review Film o Dare Mo Shiranai Nobody knows Four siblings 4 12 years living in Tokyo Child like single mother Akira is responsible parent a caretaker who exhibiting coping behavior Characters Shigeru 6 year old brother Akira 12 year old boy Kyoko 10 year old sister Yuki 4 year old sister Keiko 30 mother Saki 13 14 year old who becomes a friend Is Keiko a good mom o Family life is organized No fights Chores are completed Routine o Keiko is playful and encouraging Games Helps Akira with his studies even though he doesn t go to school Cuts hair and puts nail polish on Kyoko Why Keiko is not a good mother o Lies to the landlord and sneakers her children in the apartment in suitcases o She doesn t send the children to school o She comes homes intoxicated o Her new relationship takes over in her life o Expects Akira to take care of the family o Allows money to run out Akira the Caretaker o Responsible about household tasks o Resourceful in asking for help Asks Yuki s and Shigeru s dads for help o