a layer of soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, with characteristics produced by soil-forming processesField approach to horizons:Color- most diagnosticTexture- % of sand slit and clayStructure- how well developed the soil isBoundries- if they are ragged and have cracks in them that means some erosion has taken placeMottles- fluctuating water table. mottled refers to a patchy/blotch texture of alteration or interbedding, commonly found in limestoneKrotovina – Russian animal burrowsA- the top. The one that is exposed to the most intense weathering, vulnerable to temrature changes. Instance weatheringE- white. All of the organic has been leached out of it such as the iron and the aluminum. leached horizonB-subsoil. accumulation products of weathering. Increasing clay its redC- unconsolidated regolith. Unchanged or slightly changed parent material sediments.R- hard bedrock like sandstone, limestone, shale. Impossible to dig with hands. Consolidated Parent materialK- increases in calcium carbonated in soil horizon. Thick calcium carbonate horizon associated with deserts and dry environment bc not enough water circulation down through the soil profile to leach out the calcium carbonate. Well Cemented carbonate horizon.primary structure: examples of it sanddoneseolian word used to describe the action of windMINERALS used to measure the degrees of metamorphicSmall shallow to deep circular depressions in bedrock, how do you make those? Potholes and bedrocks. Water flowing over them and get those things spinning and they mechanically and physically drain a hole into the bedrockExpose a Pluton and what happens?Pluton is chamber of cool magma below the surface of the earth.Its formed under great pressure below the surface of the earth and you take the bed rock away from it and its not under that pressure anymore so it falls apart.HYDROLYSIS: (breakdown by water) creates spheroidal (shape) weatheringOXIDATION: Rusting. In Nevada’s valley of fireEOLIAN-setements that are moved by the windA layer of rock and mineral fragments that covers the earths surface is called : regalementThe United States can be divided into two generalized soils types areas. Which of the following are two generalized areasPedocal-pedalfersA migamatite is a rock that has under gone partial melting. It is approximately half igneous and half metamorphic. TWhich of the following is not one the three things that affect the rate of weathering and the formation of soils? ConsistenceYou are testing a sedimentary rock for Sios cementation the definitive test would be?Scratching glassWe are in the eastern cross-timbers: cross timbers (sandstone) bc people literally cut themselves out of the east to west through woods?Blackland Prairies = parent rock Andi- limestoneGrand Prairies = Parent material calcium carbonate limestone called goodland limestoneWhat are the rates and types of weatheringMechanical and Chemical WeatheringMechanical (Physical) WeatheringA rate of weathering where rocks are broken down physically. The overall makeup of the rock stays the same. Mostly common in cold/dry climates. Chemical WeatheringComplex process by which rock components and internal structures of minerals are broken down, converting the constituents into new minerals and releasing them into surrounding areas.What affects weathering?Surface Area (Related to particle size) controls weathering because the smaller the particle size, the larger the surface area exposed to weatheringfor a given volume of material. The presence of joints therefore increases arock's surface area. Spheroidal weathering, which produces rounded surfaces on weathered rock, can be caused where: ~Concentric shells of altered rock material (clay), produced by chemical weathering, are easily removed. ~Faster weathering of edges and corners of rock tends to produce roundedsurfaces, where a sphere has the least volume to surface area ratio of any geometric form. -Climate controls weathering in that rocks experience the most thorough and rapid chemical weathering in warm, humid climates. Weathering rates are lowest in desert and cold climates. -Parent Material (mineral composition of rock) controls weathering processes because minerals that forms at high temperature and high pressure are less stable at the Earth's surface than low temperature, low pressure minerals. Bowen's Reaction Series can be used in reverse to predict the ease of chemical weathering of common igneous minerals. -Presence of Plants and Animals influence weathering as chemical and physical weathering rates are increased by the action of plants and animals. -Topography affects weathering as irregular, steep topography exposes more rock to weathering than horizontal surfaces.What are three things that effect the rate of weathering?Rock characteristicsClimateDifferential weatheringDefinition of soil in terms of the ClORPT equationSoil is a function of climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. regolithThe layer of loose rock resting on bedrock, constituting the surface of mostland.Partially weathered rock overlying bedrockThe layer of unconsolidated rock and mineral fragments and soil that covers most of the land surface pedon-Column of soil, extending from the 'O' horizon into the 'C' horizon-ped: naturally occurring "clump" of soilcolumn of soil extending from the 'O' horizon into the 'C' horizonthe basic sampling unit used in a soil surveyHorizonation- occurs because water flow through, biological and chemical reactions occur over time-degree of B horizon development indicates maturity of soilProcess of horizon development; layers of soil that are formed over a period of timea layer of soil, approximately parallel to the soil surface, with characteristics produced by soil-forming processesField approach to horizons:- Color- most diagnostic - Texture- % of sand slit and clay - Structure- how well developed the soil is - Boundries- if they are ragged and have cracks in them that means some erosion has taken place- Mottles- fluctuating water table. mottled refers to a patchy/blotch texture of alteration or interbedding, commonly found in limestone- Krotovina – Russian animal burrowsWhat are the properties of soil profiles? ( A E B C R Horizons)A = top soil. Topmost inorganic horizon-non carbon basedE = eluvial later. Eluvial Zone-(zone of loss) some material is lost from this area/leached out. We do not have this layer.B = subsoil. Illuvial