GEOL 1610 1st EditionLecture 1Outline of Current Lecture What are Minerals?What are rocks?How do minerals form?Things we need to knowWhat are atoms, elements, and isotopes?How do atoms combine to make minerals?What are important properties of minerals?Mineral HardnessThe silicate mineralsWhat are the common non-silicate minerals?Current LectureWhat are minerals?Minerals are NaturalSolidCrystalChemically distinctGenerally inorganicRocks are:AggregatesOne or more mineralsLarge massesFunny ones: obsidian and coalGranite: an aggregate of Igneous Minerals. It is composed of 3 minerals: Quartz, Hornblende, and Feldspar.How do minerals form?Crystalization: From magma or lavaFrom salty waterFrom not waterMetamorphismOrganic ActivityShells, skeletonsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Things we need to know:What the earth is made ofThe common elementsThe most common mineralsElements you need to know: O OxygenSi SiliconAl AluminumCa CalciumNa SodiumK PotassiumNote: The crust is lighter than the interior: Why? How? Gravity pulls the heavier elements into the interior.Crust % Whole Earth %Oxygen 47 Iron 35Silicon 28 Oxygen 30Aluminum 8 Silicon 15Iron 5 Magnesium 13Calcium 4 Nickel 2Sodium 3 Sulfur 2What are atoms, elements, and isotopes?Atoms have a nucleus and negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons.Elements are specific atoms like oxygen and hydrogen.Isotopes are 2 or more forms of a certain element.Stable: ex. 12C 13CUnstable: ex. 14CHow do atoms combine to make minerals?Ionic BondingWeak BondsElectron transferSalts (Soluble in waterCovalent BondsStrong BondsShared electronsSilicate Minerals (“insoluble” but changed by weathering)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Metallic BondingFreely moving electrons (gold, copper, etc.)What are the important properties of minerals?Hand Specimen Field (rock) SpecimenColor ColorCrystal form (habit) Cleavage (how bonds are broken)Cleavage HardnessHardness Reaction to HC1 (Hydrochloric acid)FractureLusterStreak (color left behind)Specific gravity (weight)Mineral HardnessMohs scale (relative hardness)Hardness reflects the relative strength of the bonds within the crystal.Ex. Diamonds are made out of carbon (which share electrons) so it’s hard to take them apartThe Silicate MineralsMost common minerals of the Crystal RocksSiO4 tetrahedron building blockGroups defined by tetreahedron architectureStable crystals formed by adding cations (mainly metals)The SiO4-4 TetrahedronNote the -4 charge- this molecule is “hungry” for someone to bong with!There’s pyroxene (single chain), amphibote (double chain), and mica (sheet structures)What are the common non silicate minerals?OxidesCarbonatesSulfatesSulfidesHalidesNative elementsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a
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