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UNT GEOL 1610 - Erosion and Weathering
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GEOL 1610 1st EditionLecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Tectonic Context of VolcanoesII. Three Tectonic Settings for VolcanoesIII. Rift Valleys- a special case for volcanoesIV. What defines the nature of a volcanic eruption?V. Products of volcanic eruptionsVI. Volcanoes: Behavior, properties, and classificationVII. Products of Mafic and Volcanic EruptionsVIII. Mafic Lava- Main PointsIX. Shield VolcanoesX. Felsic Magma and lava- Main PointsXI. Products of Felsic Volcanic EruptionXII. Volcanoes of Rift ValleysXIII. What are the main intrusive igneous bodies?Outline of Current Lecture I. Weathering, soils, and erosionII. WeatheringIII. Physical weathering and surface areaIV. Frost wedging- an example of physical weatheringV. Unloading and Exfoliation-Physical weatheringVI. Root Growth- Physical weatheringVII. Chemical WeatheringVIII. Weathering of LlaniteIX. Parent materials and chemical weatheringX. The Soil ProfileXI. Soils Formation FactorXII. Geologic Cross-Section North central TexasXIII. Prairie SoilsXIV. Forest SoilsXV. ErosionXVI. Importance of Soil and WeatheringXVII. How can we Help preserve soil resources?XVIII. How can we control erosion?Current LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Weathering, soils, and erosiona. How does weathering happen?i. What are the processes involved?ii. What are the products of weathering?b. What are soils?i. What factors define how a soil forms?ii. What are the important characteristics of soils?iii. How do forest soils and prairie soils differ?iv. How are soils beneficial to us?v. What problems can soils cause?c. What causes erosion?i. ControlsII. Weatheringa. Physical weatheringi. Mechanical Breakdown of Rocksii. Products1. Smaller rock particles (sediment)2. Increased surface areab. Chemical weatheringi. Alteration of Rocks/ Sediments1. Dissolution- Can dissolve/ Soluble2. Oxidation-oxygen with a metal3. Hydrolysis- attack crystal structurec. Productsi. Residual minerals (sediment)ii. Clay minerals (sediment)iii. Ions in solutionIII. Physical weathering and surface areaa. Increased surface area= factor chemical weatheringIV. Frost wedging- an example of physical weatheringa. If water gets in to a crack and freezes, as it expands, it can break the rockV. Unloading and Exfoliation-Physical weatheringa. Removal of sheets. Strain on the rock is greater than its strength. One the pressure is gone, it rises.VI. Root Growth- Physical weatheringa. Roots get into the cracks of rocks and as they grow, they can break the rock entirely.VII. Chemical Weatheringa. Oxidation (iron-> rust)i. 2Al+3O2 -> Al2O3ii. Aluminum+ Oxygen -> Bauxiteb. Weathering of Silicate MineralsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Oxidationii. Hydrolysis1. KAlSi3O8+2H+@HCO3+H2O_>Al2Si2O5(OH)4+(K+HCO3)+4SiO2)2. Orthoclase+carbonic acid+water -> Clay (kalimite) +(ions and silica)3. Clay < .002mmVIII. Weathering of Llanitea. Stability and weathering (Bowen’s Series)b. Feldspar, the QuartzIX. Parent materials and chemical weatheringa. Different parent materialsb. Different rates of weatheringc. Dissolutiond. Non-Silicate mineralsi. Calciteii. Gypsume. Dissoluton of calcitei. Acidification of waterii. H2O+CO2=H2CO3=H++HCO3f. Calcite Dissolutioni. CaCO3+H2CO3=Ca2++2HCO3-X. The Soil Profilea. Soil Master Horizonsi. A1. Intense weathering2. Organic matterii. E1. Leached zoneiii. B1. Products of weatheringa. Clayb. Red Oxidesiv. C1. Unweathered sedimentv. R1. Unweathered rockXI. Soils Formation Factora. Parent materialb. Climatec. Vegetationd. Slopee. TimeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.f. Rlegolithg. Bedrock parent materialh. R Horizoni. Stream depositsi. Sediment parent materialii. C HorizonXII. Geologic Cross-Section North central Texasa. Sandstonei. Sandy forest soilsii. “Cross Timbers” vegetationb. Carbonate rocksi. Calcareous soilsii. Expensive clay problemiii. Prairie vegetationXIII. Prairie Soilsa. Thick A horizonb. Salt (calcium carbonate) buildupc. FertileXIV. Forest Soilsa. Thin A Horizonb. Red B Horizonc. Low FertilityXV. Erosiona. What factors increase or decrease erosioni. Raindrop impacts (climate)ii. Vegetation coreriii. Slopeiv. Parent materialv. Wind erosion (Deflation) also a problemXVI. Importance of Soil and Weatheringa. Beneficiali. It’s what our plants grow inii. Weathering releases nutrientsiii. Weathering and erosion produce sedimentb. Problematici. Expansive soils cause structural damageii. Erosion removes fertile, upper part of soiliii. Soils retain and transport pollutantsXVII. How can we Help preserve soil resources?a. Control erosionb. Rotate crops, use nitrogen fixing cropsc. Use friendly fertilizers, insecticide, herbicidesXVIII. How can we control erosion?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Contour plowingb. Terracingc. “drill” (no-till) plowingd. WindbreaksThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a


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UNT GEOL 1610 - Erosion and Weathering

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