Geology Final Exam Review1. What are the causes of earthquakes? Meteorites, volcanism, atomic explosions, plate tectonics, dam building2. What are the types of seismic waves? P waves and s waves3. Which wave cannot travel through water? secondary4. Which one is the fastest? primary5. What are an epicenter, focus, and triangulation? Epicenter is below surface, triangulation is above, focus is below6. What does the Richter scale measure? Amplitude and the amount of energy released from earthquakes7. Where do earthquakes occur? Plate boundaries, divergent faults, transform faults, strike slip faults, and convergent plate boundaries8. What causes a tsunami? Earthquakes under the ocean.9. Isostacy, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere, definitions and relationship to Plate tectonics. Isostacy- rebound Asthenosphere- below crust, semi-molten Lithosphere-crust10. Dr. Suess, Alfred Wegener, Sir Edward Bullard, who are they? What did they contribute to Plate Tectonics? Dr. Suess- looked at fossils, Alfred- continental drift, Bullard- continental shelf11. What has Harry Hass contributed? Sea floor spreading12. What is paleomagnetics? Measure of Earth’s magnetic field13. What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? Where are they found? Divergent=mountains, convergent=mid-ocean ridges, transform=perpendicular to mid-oceanic ridges14. What are the driving mechanisms of plate tectonics? Gravity and convection15. The matching up of strata from different outcrops in different regions is called? correlation16. Who is known as the Father of modern Stratigraphy? William Strata Smith17. Disconformity, Nonconformity, Angular Unconformity, Lateral Continuity. What do these termsmean? Disconformity- layers of sediments lie horizontal, Nonconformity- unconformity between sedimentary rocks and subadjacent metamorphic or igneous, Angular unconformity- tilted or folded sedimentary rocks, Later unconformity- sedimentary rocks are continuous and unbroken over large areas.18. How does C-14 work? What is the range of dates possible? Organic life, decomposes regularly. 40-40000 years ago.19. What is the difference between relative and absolute dating? Relative- dating with sequence of events. Absloute- actual number20. What is a half-life? For C-14 and for K-Ar? The time it takes for ½ of an element to decay. C-14=5730 yrs. K-Ar=1.3 billion yrs21. Phanerozoic means? Visible life22. Paleozoic means? Old life- invertebrates, fish, and amphibians23. Mesozoic means? Middle life24. Cenozioc means? Recent life- mammals, us25. Law of Superposition means? Boundary is older than the one above it26. Law of Original Horizontality means? Sedimentary rocks are layered27. Walther’s Law of Lateral Continuity means? Facies change based on the depositional environment28. Principle of Faunal Succession Animals change through time29. Principle of Floral Succession Plants change through time30. Law of cross cutting fault/intrusion is younger than the rock that contains it31. Relationships Principle of Inclusions (components) Rocks with inclusions are