EXAM ONE SUMMER 2013 LECTURE ONE OBJECTIVES INTRO TO PLANT BIO TERMS TO KNOW TAXONOMY identification naming classification of species TAXON group of organisms BINOMIAL 2 name system of organisms genus species SYSTEMATICS study of biological diversity its evolutionary history PHYLOGENY evolutionary relationships among organisms PROKARYOTE organisms whose cells lack a membrane bound nucleus EUKARYOTE organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes ARCHAEBACTERIA prokaryotes lacking peptidoglycan in cell walls EUBACTERIA prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls EUKARYA EUKARYOTES all multicellular organisms MONERA 4th kingdom that later lead to 2 separate kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria PROTISTA artificial taxon containing organisms that are more closely related to organisms in other kingdoms than to other members in this group ANIMAL KINGDOM organisms that lack cell walls obtain energy by first ingesting other organisms then digesting them internally PLANT KINGDOM organisms that have cell walls of cellulose obtain energy by photosynthesis FUNGI cell walls of chitin obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes then absorbing the products they release from the external environment ENDOSYMBIOSIS hypothesis of eukarya engulfing bacteria to get the two organelles mitochondria chloroplast TAXONOMIC LEVELS Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Plays Chess On Fine Glass Stools LINNEAUS TWO MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLANT CLASSIFICATION BINOMIAL SYSTEM reduce the naming system from polynomial binomial CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BASED ON REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES BASIC CONCEPT OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS HYPOTHESIS MITOCHONDRIA occured in all animal organisms proteobacteria were engulfed to produce mitochondria CHLOROPLASTS occured later in all plant organisms cyanobacteria were engulfed to produce chloroplasts 3 DOMAINS OF LIFE BACTERIA ARCHAEA EUKARYA EUKARYKA BREAKS DOWN INTO 4 KINGDOMS PROTISTS all unicellular eukaryotes except yeast multicellular algae FUNGI yeast mushrooms molds rusts ANIMALS PLANTS non vascular plants vascular plants w spores vascular plants w seeds LECTURE TWO OBJECTIVES ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION TERMS TO KNOW ANTHOPHYTA comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary largest most diverse youngest plant group MONOCOTS monocotyledonous flowering plant stem grows by deposits on its inside DICOTS flowering plant w 2 cotyledons stem grows by deposit on its outside STAMEN male fertilizing organ of a flower consists of anther filament ANTHER part of a stamen that contains the pollen FILAMENT stalk of the stamen supporting the anther PISTIL female organs of a flower consists of the stigma style ovary STIGMA region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains STYLE slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary through which the pollen tube grows OVARY enlarged basal portion of a carpel that contains the ovules OVULE embryo sac w egg surrounded by nucellus 2 integuments SEPAL each of the parts of the calyx enclosing the petals typically green leaflike PETAL each of the segments of the corolla modified leaves typically colored attracts pollinators RECEPTACLE axis stem to which the floral organs are attached POLLEN SACS microsporangium of a seed plant where pollen is produced ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS 2 haploid individuals undergo fertilization to form a diploid zygote zygote undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid cells haploid diploid GAMETIC MEIOSIS 2 gametes undergo fertilization to form a diploid zygote zygote grows to diploid individual undergoes meiosis for 4 gametes diploid haploid SPORIC MEIOSIS ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS haploid spores grow into gametophytes after fertilization form a zygote forms into sporophyte this cell undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid spores SPOROPHYTE multicellular diploid organism that produces spores by meiosis GAMETOPHYTE multicellular organism that produces gametes by mitosis MICROSPOROCYTE 2N in the pollen sacs MICROSPORE N tetrads formed by meiosis MEGASPOROCYTE 2N in ovule MEGASPORE N formed by meiosis 4 are made 3 degenerate expands undergoes 3 rounds of mitosis to produce 8 haploid nuceli MEGAGAMETOPHYTE female gametophyte embryo sac consists of 7 cells but 8 nuclei MICROGAMETOPHYTE growing pollen tube consists of tube nucleus 2 sperm cells INTEGUMENTS tough outer protective layer of the ovule MICROPYLE small opening in the surface of an ovule where the pollen tube penetrates EGG CELL central cell on the bottom of the ovule at the micropyle becomes the embryo when fertilized by one of the sperm cells ANTIPODAL CELLS 3 cells opposite the integuments in the ovule form cell walls will serve no future use SYNERGIDS 2 cells next to the egg cell on the bottom of the ovule near micropyle 1 will be punctured by the pollen tube to release the sperm cells POLAR NUCLEI 2 haploid nuclei in the embryo sac fuse w pollen nucleus to form triploid endosperm SPERM CELLS generative cell that splits into 2 cells by mitosis when it lands on the stigma travels behind the tube cell into the ovary TUBE CELL inside the pollen grain forms a long structure to travel down the style into the ovary leading the sperm cells inside DOUBLE FERTILIZATION unique to angiosperms where there are two sperm cells one fertilizes the egg cell to make the zygote one fuses with the polar nuclei to make the endosperm ENDOSPERM triploid 3n fusion of a sperm cell the polar nuclei grow to become the tissue surrounding the embryo to provide nourishment PARTS OF A STANDARD FLOWER ARRANGEMENT PEDUNCLE at the bottom base RECEPTACLE next segment going up out of the peduncle SEPAL comes out of the receptacle PETAL numerous come out of the receptable PISTIL OVARY on top of the receptable OVULE within the ovary STYLE long tube above the ovary STIGMA at the end of the style STAMEN FILAMENT thin tube out of the receptable ANTHER at the end of the filament 3 BASIC LIFE CYCLES ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS fungi organism is haploid in its growth phase GAMETIC MEIOSIS animals organism is diploid in its growth phase SPORIC MEIOSIS ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS green plants organism has multicellular growth in both the haploid diploid phases AFTER FERTILIZATION OVULE SEED INTEGUMENTS SEED COAT LECTURE THREE OBJECTIVES ANGIOSPERM EVOLUTION POLLINATION TERMS TO KNOW INFLORESCENCE clustering of many flowers advanced feature PERFECT FLOWER flowers w both stamens pistils IMPERFECT FLOWER flowers w only stamens OR pistils staminate or
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